Antidote for the Iron Law of Oligarchy Essay

In each ailment there will consistently a specialists to assist us with curing it. In each disease it has consistently a medication to deal with the torment. In any case, in the event that we associate it to our general public today, perhaps it doesn’t have medication or specialists that fix this sort of diseases. This sort of disposition possibly we can't delete to our general public. This disposition perhaps we can interface with the iron law of government. What is the iron law of theocracy? â€Å"The iron law of government is a political hypothesis, first created by the German syndicalist humanist Robert Michels. It expresses that all types of association, paying little mind to how majority rule or totalitarian they might be toward the beginning, will in the end and definitely form into governments. The explanations behind this are the specialized essentialness of initiative, the inclination of the pioneers to arrange themselves and to combine their inclinations; the appreciation of the drove towards the pioneers, and the general fixed status and lack of involvement of the masses.† †From Wikipedia In association with the meaning of iron law of theocracy, our administration is considered as the just government. Where in it have presidents that are given a standard in each office and departments. Where in this standard are all obey by all the office and agencies. Another trait of our administration as a just nation is that it let individuals to pick their own pioneers. In any case, these activities are insufficient to tell that we have our own opportunity, yet these activities give others motivations to manhandle their forces. Rather than serving us, they utilize their situations to do the things that they need. What are the reasons why they do those things? What are the things that we have to do with the goal that their activities are change? Here the things that we have to do. In the event that the iron law of theocracy is the standard of not many individuals or the first class individuals, we can turn around it with the goal that we can make it the standard of numerous individuals. Where in all the principles are all counsel to us before they actualize it. Something else is, the point at which it giving us the correct data. In some cases our legislature isn't giving the specific data that we have to think about what befall our administration. Also, in conclusion, no theocracy without material and force advantages and organization. Some portion of the progressions is a steady progression of dependable data among the individuals. Bureaucracy’s shortcoming is identified with its failure to keep insider facts and control the data streams. It is debilitated as it loses the ability to the progression of the data among us.

Humans and Nature

How Religious Belief Connects with Humans And Nature Humans’ relationship towards nature is muddled. Phyllis Trible, a notable researcher, specifies in her paper A Tempest in a Text : Ecological Soundings in the Book of Jonah that â€Å"Theological language is natural language† (Trible 189). It recommends that across the board religion has a reflection on the connection between humans’ conviction and nature. Moreover, the two fundamental characters, Arab and Jonah, from the film Moby Dick and the strict book The book of Jonah, their various perspectives on God are appeared in their contrary activities towards nature. ? In the film Moby Dick, Ahab, the skipper, is the seal of the pioneers driving in the investigation of the extraordinary nature. He challenges the puzzling nature courageously. As opposed to going to God for help when he experiences stood up to and sudden troubles, he accepts that he can defeat every one of those challenges without anyone else and n ever stops his endeavor. In the film, Pequod, the whaling transport, is trapped in a horrible tempest. The sails ought to be put down for easing back ship’s speed in a tempest. Starbuck, one of team part, needs to roll a sail, yet Ahab refuses.Ahab solicits all from his mariners to hold cruises firmly. When Starbucks attempts to roll down sails, Arab dangers Starbuck to stop by utilizing a bolt. Ahab immovably keeps doing combating with the nature as far as possible until at long last his boat gets by in awful climate. â€Å"Ahab challenged that Typhoon’s false front; stood head to head with it and punched away till it hollared ‘quits’! † (Bradbury 158). Through the entire fight with the tempest, Ahab even derides at what he experiences. â€Å"Oh, how the divine beings appreciate playing with us. What’s the purpose of the game, I wonder?Sometimes I’m on the very edge of knowing-and afterward they hurl me back in the box† (Bradbu ry 158). In Ahab’s mind, he is battling against God, and deciding to place his own will above confidence. Ahab trusts himself over the regular world, and right around a divine being. This conviction loans him force and grandness that make him fight with nature. In the film, Ahab’s steadiness on pursuing the white whale makes him act like a saint, be that as it may, his retaliation of whale additionally causes him to exceed on the limit of nature which drives him to the death.To Captain Ahab, the whale represents the wickedness known to mankind: â€Å"He is a piece of this mischievous game that runs man from the support and menaces him into the grave, Moby Dick is abhorrent multiple times over, in reality as we know it where insidiousness is basic as ocean water† (Bradbury 90). So it is Ahab’s predetermination to dispose of it. In the last piece of scenes, Ahab gets no opportunity of murdering Moby Dick, yet he takes part in his self destruction intend to wound at the whale: â€Å"To the last I ponder thee! from hell’s heart I wound at thee! ; for hate’s purpose I spit my final gasp at thee, however doomed whale! Accordingly! I surrender my lance! (BRADBURY 174). His arrangement to murder Moby Dick seals the deplorable destiny for himself and the group of the Pequod. At long last the whale speaks to both respectable harmony and frightening demise. Also, in the book, Ahab sees the graves of different mariners kicked the bucket in murdering whales, and he gets forecasts about his passing from Fedallah. Those things not simply happen inadvertently to Ahab. Truth be told, it’s the destiny previously made by God attempt to stop Ahab’s activities of executing the whale. The whale is the blend of logical inconsistencies, an image of the universe's wide and puzzle of God's unlimited heavenly force, destiny. ? God controls what we would consider â€Å"fate† in the throwing of the fortune. In The Book of Jon ah, Jonah restricts to God’s will and escapes away which brings about a tempest made by the God in his excursion. Jonah jumps on a boat to Tarshish, and he experiences the tempest: â€Å"The Lord, in any case, flung such enraged breezes toward the ocean that an amazing tempest seethed upon it; the boat anticipated that itself should break up† (1:4). The tempest is amazing to such an extent that all the mariners begin to appeal to the God for help. also, the Lord, God of Heaven, I love he who made the ocean, and the dry land as well† (1†10). Despite the fact that Jonah flees from the Lord and has no idea for the profound state of his shipmates; his life despite everything carried them closer to God. Be that as it may, the tempest just deteriorates. Jonah advises mariners so as to revere God, they can quiet the ocean by tossing him into the ocean. â€Å"If you lift me and cast me over the edge, the ocean will quiet its seething against you, for I for one rec ognize that this huge whirlwind seething against you is all alone account† (1:12).Jonah has almost certainly that his disobedience to God is the reason for the tempest that took steps to sink the boat they are cruising upon. Subsequently, people dread of unforeseen normal power and afterward go to God for help. In opposition to how the white whale makes Ahab insane which result in Ahab’s demise with the whale, the whale in The Book of Jonah changes Jonah’s mentalities toward God and spares him from his wrongdoing. God doesn't place Jonah into death promptly, rather, he conveys a fish. â€Å"The Lord guided an enormous fish to swallow Jonah.Jonah stayed in the midsection of the fish three days and three nights† (2:1). Jonah is powerless in the fish’s tummy and begins to atone and petition God :â€Å" In my difficulty, I claim to the Lord; he answers me†¦ concerning me, voicing appreciation, I will offer you forfeits; I will satisfy all that I v ow† (2: 10). By singing the thanksgiving melody, Jonah begins to be grateful to God and he understands that he is as yet interfacing with God. God as a forgiving and liberal figure in The Book of Jonah, he spares Jonah from the fish. The Lord addressed the fish and made it upchuck Jonah upon dry land† (2:11). From a natural perspective, Phyllis Trible shellfishes in her book â€Å" If the action word ‘swallow’ propose that fish is an unfriendly situation for Jonah, the action word ‘vomit’suggests that the fish is a threatening domain for the fish†¦ In a bulimic exercise the creature of the ocean rejects human fodder† (Trible 190). This biological risk reviews Jonah’s inward senses to God: â€Å"Yet God raised his life from the Pit, and to this God he rendered thanks† (Trible 190).In different words, The whale just as viewed as â€Å"hostile environment†, speaks to the nature power that given by God. It recommends that people ought to consistently hold their confidence to the God, hence, God can protect people from the risk and excuse their transgressions. At the point when people are building the relationship with nature, on the off chance that they are conflicting with nature they can't get the outcomes they need, rather, on the off chance that they working alongside nature which can really prompts harmony. In the motion pictures, regardless of whether Ahab arranges his team to pursue Moby Dick over and over, the white whale doesn't give up however appears to counterattack.It assaults the pontoons, wrecks the whaling transport and carries a lot of agony to people. God’s force and exemplification of equity are appeared through nature. God cautions individuals that in the event that they despite everything decimate nature steadily, they will be covered by divine nature in the end. It is hard for people depending on our own inadequate capacity to win the fight among nature and them. In terestingly, Jonah assume to lecture God’s will to Nineveh, in any case, he is from the nation which is crushed by Nieveh, therefore he is hesitant to convey God’s message.God places Jonah into threatening condition and needs Jonah to find out about resistance through Jonah’s apologize. Jonah understands his transgression and begin to trust God again which brings about later God spares his life. His admission to God satisfactorily demonstrates that his humans’ resilience has convinced him to surrender his ill will. People can coexist well with nature and they can keep an agreeable relationship with nature. Be that as it may, keeping the amicable relationship must be founded on human beings’tolerance to nature.

PTSD Traumatic Events and Other Risk Factors

PTSD Traumatic Events and Other Risk Factors PTSD Causes Print Causes and Risk Factors of PTSD By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 29, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 08, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children People often use the word traumatic in a general sense when they are describing very stressful life events. For example, the American Psychological Association (APA) defines trauma as a persons emotional response to an extremely negative (disturbing) event. However, mental health professionals define traumatic events in very specific ways. The guidelines they use have changed and continue to evolve as their understanding of what constitutes a traumatic event has increased. This understanding is especially important when they are trying to learn whether or not a person may have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell   The DSM Definition of a Traumatic Event Compared to previous editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the 5th edition more clearly details the elements of a traumatic event, particularly within the framework of diagnosing PTSD.?? The DSM-5  defines  PTSD triggers as the following types of traumatic events: Exposure to actual or threatened deathSerious injurySexual violation Furthermore, the exposure must result from one or more of the following situations, in which the individual: Directly experiences the traumatic eventWitnesses the traumatic event in personLearns that the traumatic event occurred to a close family member or close friend (with the actual or threatened death being either violent or accidental)Experiences first-hand, repeated, or extreme exposure to aversive (unpleasant) details of the traumatic event (does not learn about it through media, pictures, television, or movies, except for work-related events) Signs That Someone May Have Been Through a Traumatic Event Simply put, it depends. Even if you’re very close to the person, you might not notice the common symptoms of trauma, which can include appearing shaken up and “out of it.” A person may also dissociate or disconnectâ€"for example, may not respond to your questions or comments, as if he or she weren’t there. However, other signs that a person is traumatized may be easier for you to spot: Anxiety, which may appear in the form of, for example, edginess, irritability, poor concentration, mood swings, “night terrors,” or panic attacksEmotional outbursts or moods such as anger or sadnessPhysical signs can manifest as a racing heartbeat, fatigue, paleness, or lethargy. Risk Factors Trauma exposure is the initiating factor behind PTSD, however, there could be additional influential elements to consider. Not everyone who experiences trauma will develop post-traumatic stress disorder. Although it is nearly impossible to determine with certainty who will experience PTSD after trauma and who wont, we can consider the following risk factors that might contribute to the likelihood of developing post-traumatic stress disorder. Genetic Factors Research continues to explore the role of genetics in the development of PTSD. There have been studies showing genetic influence on the development of mental health conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, and researchers are finding genetic influence in the development of PTSD as well.?? Women are considered more likely to develop PTSD than men. The prevalence of PTSD over the lifespan has been found to be 10 percent to 12 percent among women and 5 percent to 6 percent in men. Researchers have found among European-American females in particular, close to one-third (29 percent) of the risk for developing PTSD after a traumatic event was influenced by genetic factors. The genetic risk rate was found to be much lower in males.?? The first author of the study, Dr. Laramie Duncan, concluded that PTSD may be one of the most preventable of the psychiatric disorders. Understanding that not all people who experience trauma will develop PTSD, she shares the importance of this genetic research to be able to intervene quickly after trauma for those individuals who are identified as more genetically at risk. Current Research Genetic markers currently under investigation for their role in influencing the development of PTSD include those such as the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and genes associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.?? Additionally, there is research in the retinoid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORA) protein due to the role it plays in neuroprotection, helping protect neurons and glial cells from degenerative effects of oxidative stress, which is an impact of experiencing traumatic stress.?? Societal Factors Social support, or lack of, is a critical risk factor. Those who are limited in options for social support can be at greater risk for PTSD. After the traumatic event, the need for safe support resources is essential to help individuals process their experience in a healthy way and to regain hope through secure and safe emotional connections. Those with more avoidant coping strategies will be less likely to utilize supportive resources or seek healthy connections after experiencing a traumatic event. People who try to generally cope with challenges in isolation may be at greater risk for developing PTSD. Even if you do have support available, it may not be enough to curb the development of PTSD. Biological and Neurological Factors Two risk factors that have been shown to possibly influence the development of PTSD after trauma are IQ and neuroticism. Those who tend to score lower on IQ tests have been shown to be more susceptible to developing PTSD.?? In addition, people who have greater  neuroticism  have shown to be more likely to have PTSD.?? Neuroticism is a personality trait of people who are more likely than average to experience anxiety, feelings of guilt, worry, fear, anger, frustration, and sadness. As mentioned previously, there is an increasing number of research studies dedicated to exploring the role of genetics in the development of PTSD. Being that PTSD does not occur in everyone who experiences a traumatic event, these continued findings help to better determine who may be at greatest risk so that interventions and treatments can be of the most help. Post-traumatic stress disorder, along with other conditions such as major depression, is associated with decreased brain volume, particularly in the prefrontal areas. Research has shown that this decreased volume was associated with greater self-reports of anxiety in participants.?? Understanding that the emotional impact of trauma can have a cumulative effectâ€"it can be easier to understand how past traumatic experiences can be a risk factor for someone developing PTSD after a marked traumatic event.?? Other Factors Another risk factor in the development of PTSD after a traumatic event is having experienced another trauma in the past. The impact of trauma has been found to have a cumulative effect. This means that a trauma survivor who did not previously show symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder could develop PTSD after subsequent trauma. A history of struggling with a mental health condition prior to the traumatic event can also be a risk factor in the development of PTSD. It has been shown that existing mood disorders, anxiety-related disorders, and conduct disorder can be influential risk factors.?? Life stressors are a risk factor as well. When people are currently experiencing life stressors such as divorce, financial strain, work stress, or for children who are experiencing emotional challenges at school or home, the likelihood of developing PTSD can increase. The nature of the triggering event is something to consider as an influential factor. It has been shown that the more intense the event, such as witnessing death or extreme violence or having been injured during the traumatic event, can be a risk factor. When someone has experienced physical pain as a result of their trauma, such as with sexual abuse, the risk of PTSD can be greater, since the physical pain is a reminder of the traumatic event. Helping Someone Cope With a Traumatic Event It’s tough trying to help when a friend or loved one doesn’t want to talk about what happened. It can be hard to keep making the effort to get the person to respond, especially if you feel you’re being pushed away. But you’re in a good place to help when you: Understand the definition of a traumatic eventCan identify some of the signsAre willing to keep offering help even if its not accepted at first Remember, your caring support after a traumatic event may make a big difference in how well and how fast the traumatized person recovers. How Is PTSD Treated?

Analysis of Excerpt from Martin Luther King’s “Why We...

America in the 1960’s was a dark, despairing environment for African Americans, or Negroes. Conditions in all areas of life were poor, chances of success were slim to none, and appreciation or acceptance in the community was barely a dream. Negroes of this time were downtrodden, disrespected, and poorly treated. In his book, â€Å"Why We Can’t Wait,† Martin Luther King uses historical allusion, emotive imagery, rhetorical questions, and juxtaposition to convey the negative, daunting poor social conditions of Black Americans in the 1960’s. The first literary device utilized by King in his work is historical allusion. The subject matter which he presents to achieve his rhetorical purpose of depicting the dreadful situation of blacks in†¦show more content†¦Emotive imagery is flexibly employed by King in this passage to achieve his overall rhetorical goal. The next literary element that King uses is rhetorical question. Martin Luther King us es rhetorical questions to provoke deep thoughts or bring up topics in his prose. One example of a rhetorical question in Why We Can’t Wait is, â€Å"Why does misery constantlyShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesWeidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 1187 Words

Although other physician recommended drugs can relieve various illnesses, for some patients these drugs do not relieve their symptoms, as they should (Joy 117). For this type of patient, medical marijuana is an obvious alternative, if only it were legal. The legalization of marijuana is becoming a more polemic debate as several states are, at the very least, decriminalizing it. The decision for legalization is conflicted between whether the drug can provide benefits towards certain medical conditions and also be safe to consume. Marijuana should be legalized for medical uses because it has a broad set of therapeutic effects that are beneficial to certain patients. Two FDA-approved drugs contain a chemical that resides in marijuana, which shows that the side effects of prescription drugs are similar to marijuana. The legalization does not have a negative influence on society, especially teenagers, according to research done with eight states. Like other prescription medicines, marijua na has a large variety of remedial aftereffects that can be beneficial for certain conditions. HIV/AIDS and chronic pain are the most common disorders that can be treated with marijuana. These patients reported that marijuana alleviated nausea and vomiting, and also augmented their appetite (Joy 19). According to the United States General Accounting Office, the state-qualifying conditions are cancer chemotherapy treatment, glaucoma, epilepsy, wasting syndrome, anorexia, and multiple sclerosisShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that mari juana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words   |  7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the medical si de of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this wouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?985 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize Marijuana Despite what people believe about marijuana, it hasn’t once proved to be the cause of any real issue. It makes you wonder what the reason as to why there is a war on drugs. Why is marijuana the main concern? Since the time that alcohol and tobacco became legal, people wonder why marijuana isn’t legal yet. The fact that marijuana is illegal is mainly caused by the amount of money, jobs, and pride invested in the drug war. Once the government starts anything, they stick to it. At

Was Alexander Really Great Free Essays

Greatness is an umbrella term that can hold several different meanings and interpretations. In the case of Alexander the Great, it has a very specific meaning that reflects upon the achievements and success of his life time, despite the many character flaws and failings he undoubtedly possessed. Alexander the Great definitely deserves this appellation for three main reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on Was Alexander Really Great? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firstly, he conquered an incredibly vast area for his young age and lack of experience; secondly he left his mark on society which has lasted till contemporary day; and thirdly he completely revolutionized military techniques and styles. Firstly, Alexander the Great fought in horrific battles that rewarded him with a huge amount of land, resources and prosperity. He engaged in conflicts including the Battle of Granicus, Battle of Isus and the Battle of Tyre, leading him to conquer nations now known as Turkey,Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and a large portion of India. His ambition certainly paid off, and as Arrian, an historian living at the time of Alexander wrote, †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦He would always have searched beyond for something unknown, and if there had been no other competition, he would have competed against himself. This source is quite reliable, as it reinforces other accounts of his attitude correctly, however Arrian basically recorded all the conquests of Alexander the Great, so it may be influenced or recorded with a certain bias that Alexander himself imposed. Secondly, Alexander the Great helped to establish Greek society and spread it over the world. He single handedly created a culture that has maintained itsel f till this very day. It truly is a great feat to form a society, including language, etiquette, customs and traditions that will last thousands and thousands of years. Historian Professor Paul Cartledge stated in his manuscript Hunting for a New Past â€Å"the great leader’s achievements – both in his lifetime and posthumously are simply staggering, as they have lasted the generations to still be evident today. † Cartledge’s opinion, although we must keep in mind it is only his opinion, is certainly reliable as he is a modern day expert on Greek culture and greek history, quoting in an edited and published official manuscript. Lastly, the military wisdom and knowledge that Alexander the Great not only possessed, but created himself, is astounding. The number of battles and wars he planned and executed is truly great, and especially in such a successful manner. This is one of his greatest attributes, and the skill he is most remembered for. A tapestry called Alexander the Great in Battle, discovered in 1661 by archaeologist Charles le Brun, reflects upon this concept. It depicts Alexander riding into battle and slaying his enemy with strategy and premeditated decision. Although it may be not completely reliable as it seems to portray the romantic myth of Alexander as a ferocious and fearless warrior, it does hold a concise example of his skill in military prowess. Overall, Alexander the Great deserves his namesake because despite having many character flaws, he was an exceptional man who achieved some astounding feats. The vast land he conquered at such a young age, as well as his long lasting impacts on Greek society, and finally his military intelligence and success prove that Alexander truly was a great individual. How to cite Was Alexander Really Great?, Papers

The FBT Tax Implication

Question: Explain The FBT tax implication. Answer: Alan the employee of the company ABC pty received some benefits from his company. Some benefits needs to taken into consideration and is to be seen that will it have any Fringe benefit tax on it under the given conditions The given condition When the number of employees are 5 instead of 20 When the attendees of the party had clients of the company. Legislation FBT Act, 1986 ITAA 1997 Analysis Under the Fringe Benefit tax assessment act, 1986 a Fringe benefit tax liability incurs on the part of the employers when some benefits are provided to the employees. It does not include the salary or the pension or other payment which is treated as income by the employee. Instead it should be additional perks which makes the employees life easier. The FBT tax implication on the given amounts or benefits will be as follows: Salary amount of $300,000 It is given in the section 6 5 of the Income Tax assessment act, 1997 that ordinary incomes include income from employment. Employment income includes salary, wages, etc. Therefore, such amount is paid for the work done by the employee and hence, it is not a benefit which will be taxable under the FBT act. Payment of the mobile expense of $200 which includes the goods and service tax also, is paid for doing the company related work. No personal use from it is being derived. In the case, where it used for personal work there only it will get taxable. Hence, such amount of $200 is exempted from FBT act. A mobile phone of $2000 is given to Alan. Where the mobile phone is one in number given for work related purpose, there it will be exempted from the Fringe benefit tax act. But, when it used for personal use and also, there is more number of mobile phones provided to the employee, there it will create a Fringe benefit tax liability. Here mobile phone provided is just one used for work will not be considered for tax purpose. Payment of any expense which is to be paid by the employee or is the liability of the employee will be taxable in the hands of the employer. A payment of school fess of $20,000 is paid for Alan/s kids. It will be taxable on ABC Pty Companys part. When the company provides for any additional benefit in the form of entertainment or meals, or partys there will incur a tax liability on company $6,600 is incurred on such expenses. It will create a tax liability and such amount will considered under Fringe benefit tax purpose. It should be noted that it does not matter that how many number of employees were given party, What matters is that the act of party comes under entertainment which creates Fringe benefit tax liability. Hence, even when there are 5 employees the Fringe benefit tax liability will be same. The taxable amount will be the amount incurred on the benefit which is same as before as $6,600. It is given that the party was hosted for the employees and the partners which are taxable already. If there is an addition of the clients of the company it will be taxable as earlier in the same manner. Therefore, the answer to this remains the same. Conclusion The company is providing the benefits to the employee Alan and some other benefits to other employees. AN additional perk other than employment salary or wages creates a tax liability on the company which is to be paid by them. The benefit which is taxable and provided to Alan is the school fees of $20,000 and dinner party expense of $6,600. The non taxable benefits are mobile bill payment of $200 and handset of $2,000 as they are used for just work only And also the handset provided is just one. The fringe benefit tax liability for company will remain same even when the number of employees changes from 20 to 5 as the event is already a taxable one. There will a Fringe benefit liability when the dinner party attendees include the clients of the company. This does not change the purpose of the expense which is to provide entertainment to the employees, the partners and the clients. Given: The manufacturer of tennis balls purchased machinery of $1.1 million used for making cans to pack the balls. Later, in the year 2014 on 1st January, the old machine was sold for $3.3 million and new purchased for $2.2 million. What will be the tax implications on such act? Legislation ITAA 1997 Section 40 of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 Analysis Section 40 340 of the ITAA 1997 Act, deals in the rollover assets and accordingly relief is given to such assets. Its implications are such that the calculated capital gain or the loss is disregarded unless the new asset later on makes a taxable capital gain in the following conditions: Capital gain tax event happens. On the disposal of the asset, balancing adjustment happens In the given below conditions: On loss of asset, or the destruction. Purchase of shares on sale of shares or scrips for scrips when takeover or merger takes place. iii. On the event of demerger where the earlier company is either dissolved or constructed into new one, or the earlier company is departed from the major one. Breaking of the relationship or marriage. In such case, the asset is actually not sold but transferred. It is not disposed actually. Moreover such event should take place after 20 September 1985, to be a taxable capital gain or allowed as deduction under capital loss. Lease mining Land disposed after the lease agreement to the lessee. Rollover of assets under other conditions such as: - Asset acquired after capital gain event took place - The assets of the partner or the individual are disposed to a company. - Financial service providers statutory license is renewed - Disposal of a depreciating asset. - Replacement of assets vii. Rollover of the same category asset where the old asset is exchanged for a new one but the asset is the same. viii. Under the condition where the asset is received in inheritance but after 20 September 1985. If the date of acquisition if the asset is before the mentioned date, then the capital gain made or capital loss taking place is disregarded. The case law 2015/40 states about the details of the rollover assets and whether such capital gain will be taxable or not. The shareholders of the old company become the shareholder of the new company. The shares were transferred actually. There is the act of sale as the earlier shares are disposed, but the shares are substitutes with the new ones in the new company of the earlier organisation. Hence, any capital gain made or capital loss taking place is disregarded. This clarifies that when the rollover of the assets take place, because of the mentioned acts above, there will be a rollover relief to the taxpayer and no capital gain tax will be paid on it. The calculation will be under the two categories. Purchase of asset is before 20 September 1985 and sale is after such date, then the capital gain or loss is disregarded as it is mentioned in the act. Purchase of asset is after 20 September 1985, and sale too, will create a tax liability on the taxpayer unless it is exempted. For the rollover relief there will be the calculation of reduced cost base for the new asset which will be its cost base when it will be sold. It is calculated by deducting the sale price of the old machinery from the purchase price of it. Here, the sale price is $330,000 and it was acquired for $1.1 million. Therefore, the reduced cost base will be $770,000. This will be the cost base of the new machinery and will be taking into consideration for the sale of it in later years. The earlier machine enjoyed whatsoever method of depreciation and useful life will be taken into consideration for the new one. Conclusion Section 40 340 of the Income Tax Assessment Act, 1997 specifies that the assets which are exchanged for a new one for netter quality or service is exempted from capital gain event and the difference between the cost base of the old asset and the sale price of it when exchanged will be treated as the new cost base of the new machinery with the same useful life and depreciating method. The other benefit includes the reduced cost base of it on the basis of old asset, carry forward of loss in the coming years. Hence the old machinery sale will not create taxable capital gain and the useful life taken for it will be 10 years with the reduced cost base of $770,000 which will be considered in the later years when it will be sold. The depreciation method will be same as before which ever was considered. References ANON, 2015,Entertainment and FBT,Accessed on 25th May 2016 ANON, 2015, Rollover, Accessed on 25th May 2016, Available at: