Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Antidote for the Iron Law of Oligarchy Essay

In each ailment there will consistently a specialists to assist us with curing it. In each disease it has consistently a medication to deal with the torment. In any case, in the event that we associate it to our general public today, perhaps it doesn’t have medication or specialists that fix this sort of diseases. This sort of disposition possibly we can't delete to our general public. This disposition perhaps we can interface with the iron law of government. What is the iron law of theocracy? â€Å"The iron law of government is a political hypothesis, first created by the German syndicalist humanist Robert Michels. It expresses that all types of association, paying little mind to how majority rule or totalitarian they might be toward the beginning, will in the end and definitely form into governments. The explanations behind this are the specialized essentialness of initiative, the inclination of the pioneers to arrange themselves and to combine their inclinations; the appreciation of the drove towards the pioneers, and the general fixed status and lack of involvement of the masses.† †From Wikipedia In association with the meaning of iron law of theocracy, our administration is considered as the just government. Where in it have presidents that are given a standard in each office and departments. Where in this standard are all obey by all the office and agencies. Another trait of our administration as a just nation is that it let individuals to pick their own pioneers. In any case, these activities are insufficient to tell that we have our own opportunity, yet these activities give others motivations to manhandle their forces. Rather than serving us, they utilize their situations to do the things that they need. What are the reasons why they do those things? What are the things that we have to do with the goal that their activities are change? Here the things that we have to do. In the event that the iron law of theocracy is the standard of not many individuals or the first class individuals, we can turn around it with the goal that we can make it the standard of numerous individuals. Where in all the principles are all counsel to us before they actualize it. Something else is, the point at which it giving us the correct data. In some cases our legislature isn't giving the specific data that we have to think about what befall our administration. Also, in conclusion, no theocracy without material and force advantages and organization. Some portion of the progressions is a steady progression of dependable data among the individuals. Bureaucracy’s shortcoming is identified with its failure to keep insider facts and control the data streams. It is debilitated as it loses the ability to the progression of the data among us.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Humans and Nature

How Religious Belief Connects with Humans And Nature Humans’ relationship towards nature is muddled. Phyllis Trible, a notable researcher, specifies in her paper A Tempest in a Text : Ecological Soundings in the Book of Jonah that â€Å"Theological language is natural language† (Trible 189). It recommends that across the board religion has a reflection on the connection between humans’ conviction and nature. Moreover, the two fundamental characters, Arab and Jonah, from the film Moby Dick and the strict book The book of Jonah, their various perspectives on God are appeared in their contrary activities towards nature. ? In the film Moby Dick, Ahab, the skipper, is the seal of the pioneers driving in the investigation of the extraordinary nature. He challenges the puzzling nature courageously. As opposed to going to God for help when he experiences stood up to and sudden troubles, he accepts that he can defeat every one of those challenges without anyone else and n ever stops his endeavor. In the film, Pequod, the whaling transport, is trapped in a horrible tempest. The sails ought to be put down for easing back ship’s speed in a tempest. Starbuck, one of team part, needs to roll a sail, yet Ahab refuses.Ahab solicits all from his mariners to hold cruises firmly. When Starbucks attempts to roll down sails, Arab dangers Starbuck to stop by utilizing a bolt. Ahab immovably keeps doing combating with the nature as far as possible until at long last his boat gets by in awful climate. â€Å"Ahab challenged that Typhoon’s false front; stood head to head with it and punched away till it hollared ‘quits’! † (Bradbury 158). Through the entire fight with the tempest, Ahab even derides at what he experiences. â€Å"Oh, how the divine beings appreciate playing with us. What’s the purpose of the game, I wonder?Sometimes I’m on the very edge of knowing-and afterward they hurl me back in the box† (Bradbu ry 158). In Ahab’s mind, he is battling against God, and deciding to place his own will above confidence. Ahab trusts himself over the regular world, and right around a divine being. This conviction loans him force and grandness that make him fight with nature. In the film, Ahab’s steadiness on pursuing the white whale makes him act like a saint, be that as it may, his retaliation of whale additionally causes him to exceed on the limit of nature which drives him to the death.To Captain Ahab, the whale represents the wickedness known to mankind: â€Å"He is a piece of this mischievous game that runs man from the support and menaces him into the grave, Moby Dick is abhorrent multiple times over, in reality as we know it where insidiousness is basic as ocean water† (Bradbury 90). So it is Ahab’s predetermination to dispose of it. In the last piece of scenes, Ahab gets no opportunity of murdering Moby Dick, yet he takes part in his self destruction intend to wound at the whale: â€Å"To the last I ponder thee! from hell’s heart I wound at thee! ; for hate’s purpose I spit my final gasp at thee, however doomed whale! Accordingly! I surrender my lance! (BRADBURY 174). His arrangement to murder Moby Dick seals the deplorable destiny for himself and the group of the Pequod. At long last the whale speaks to both respectable harmony and frightening demise. Also, in the book, Ahab sees the graves of different mariners kicked the bucket in murdering whales, and he gets forecasts about his passing from Fedallah. Those things not simply happen inadvertently to Ahab. Truth be told, it’s the destiny previously made by God attempt to stop Ahab’s activities of executing the whale. The whale is the blend of logical inconsistencies, an image of the universe's wide and puzzle of God's unlimited heavenly force, destiny. ? God controls what we would consider â€Å"fate† in the throwing of the fortune. In The Book of Jon ah, Jonah restricts to God’s will and escapes away which brings about a tempest made by the God in his excursion. Jonah jumps on a boat to Tarshish, and he experiences the tempest: â€Å"The Lord, in any case, flung such enraged breezes toward the ocean that an amazing tempest seethed upon it; the boat anticipated that itself should break up† (1:4). The tempest is amazing to such an extent that all the mariners begin to appeal to the God for help. also, the Lord, God of Heaven, I love he who made the ocean, and the dry land as well† (1†10). Despite the fact that Jonah flees from the Lord and has no idea for the profound state of his shipmates; his life despite everything carried them closer to God. Be that as it may, the tempest just deteriorates. Jonah advises mariners so as to revere God, they can quiet the ocean by tossing him into the ocean. â€Å"If you lift me and cast me over the edge, the ocean will quiet its seething against you, for I for one rec ognize that this huge whirlwind seething against you is all alone account† (1:12).Jonah has almost certainly that his disobedience to God is the reason for the tempest that took steps to sink the boat they are cruising upon. Subsequently, people dread of unforeseen normal power and afterward go to God for help. In opposition to how the white whale makes Ahab insane which result in Ahab’s demise with the whale, the whale in The Book of Jonah changes Jonah’s mentalities toward God and spares him from his wrongdoing. God doesn't place Jonah into death promptly, rather, he conveys a fish. â€Å"The Lord guided an enormous fish to swallow Jonah.Jonah stayed in the midsection of the fish three days and three nights† (2:1). Jonah is powerless in the fish’s tummy and begins to atone and petition God :â€Å" In my difficulty, I claim to the Lord; he answers me†¦ concerning me, voicing appreciation, I will offer you forfeits; I will satisfy all that I v ow† (2: 10). By singing the thanksgiving melody, Jonah begins to be grateful to God and he understands that he is as yet interfacing with God. God as a forgiving and liberal figure in The Book of Jonah, he spares Jonah from the fish. The Lord addressed the fish and made it upchuck Jonah upon dry land† (2:11). From a natural perspective, Phyllis Trible shellfishes in her book â€Å" If the action word ‘swallow’ propose that fish is an unfriendly situation for Jonah, the action word ‘vomit’suggests that the fish is a threatening domain for the fish†¦ In a bulimic exercise the creature of the ocean rejects human fodder† (Trible 190). This biological risk reviews Jonah’s inward senses to God: â€Å"Yet God raised his life from the Pit, and to this God he rendered thanks† (Trible 190).In different words, The whale just as viewed as â€Å"hostile environment†, speaks to the nature power that given by God. It recommends that people ought to consistently hold their confidence to the God, hence, God can protect people from the risk and excuse their transgressions. At the point when people are building the relationship with nature, on the off chance that they are conflicting with nature they can't get the outcomes they need, rather, on the off chance that they working alongside nature which can really prompts harmony. In the motion pictures, regardless of whether Ahab arranges his team to pursue Moby Dick over and over, the white whale doesn't give up however appears to counterattack.It assaults the pontoons, wrecks the whaling transport and carries a lot of agony to people. God’s force and exemplification of equity are appeared through nature. God cautions individuals that in the event that they despite everything decimate nature steadily, they will be covered by divine nature in the end. It is hard for people depending on our own inadequate capacity to win the fight among nature and them. In terestingly, Jonah assume to lecture God’s will to Nineveh, in any case, he is from the nation which is crushed by Nieveh, therefore he is hesitant to convey God’s message.God places Jonah into threatening condition and needs Jonah to find out about resistance through Jonah’s apologize. Jonah understands his transgression and begin to trust God again which brings about later God spares his life. His admission to God satisfactorily demonstrates that his humans’ resilience has convinced him to surrender his ill will. People can coexist well with nature and they can keep an agreeable relationship with nature. Be that as it may, keeping the amicable relationship must be founded on human beings’tolerance to nature.

Tuesday, August 11, 2020

PTSD Traumatic Events and Other Risk Factors

PTSD Traumatic Events and Other Risk Factors PTSD Causes Print Causes and Risk Factors of PTSD By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 29, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 08, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children People often use the word traumatic in a general sense when they are describing very stressful life events. For example, the American Psychological Association (APA) defines trauma as a persons emotional response to an extremely negative (disturbing) event. However, mental health professionals define traumatic events in very specific ways. The guidelines they use have changed and continue to evolve as their understanding of what constitutes a traumatic event has increased. This understanding is especially important when they are trying to learn whether or not a person may have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell   The DSM Definition of a Traumatic Event Compared to previous editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the 5th edition more clearly details the elements of a traumatic event, particularly within the framework of diagnosing PTSD.?? The DSM-5  defines  PTSD triggers as the following types of traumatic events: Exposure to actual or threatened deathSerious injurySexual violation Furthermore, the exposure must result from one or more of the following situations, in which the individual: Directly experiences the traumatic eventWitnesses the traumatic event in personLearns that the traumatic event occurred to a close family member or close friend (with the actual or threatened death being either violent or accidental)Experiences first-hand, repeated, or extreme exposure to aversive (unpleasant) details of the traumatic event (does not learn about it through media, pictures, television, or movies, except for work-related events) Signs That Someone May Have Been Through a Traumatic Event Simply put, it depends. Even if you’re very close to the person, you might not notice the common symptoms of trauma, which can include appearing shaken up and “out of it.” A person may also dissociate or disconnectâ€"for example, may not respond to your questions or comments, as if he or she weren’t there. However, other signs that a person is traumatized may be easier for you to spot: Anxiety, which may appear in the form of, for example, edginess, irritability, poor concentration, mood swings, “night terrors,” or panic attacksEmotional outbursts or moods such as anger or sadnessPhysical signs can manifest as a racing heartbeat, fatigue, paleness, or lethargy. Risk Factors Trauma exposure is the initiating factor behind PTSD, however, there could be additional influential elements to consider. Not everyone who experiences trauma will develop post-traumatic stress disorder. Although it is nearly impossible to determine with certainty who will experience PTSD after trauma and who wont, we can consider the following risk factors that might contribute to the likelihood of developing post-traumatic stress disorder. Genetic Factors Research continues to explore the role of genetics in the development of PTSD. There have been studies showing genetic influence on the development of mental health conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, and researchers are finding genetic influence in the development of PTSD as well.?? Women are considered more likely to develop PTSD than men. The prevalence of PTSD over the lifespan has been found to be 10 percent to 12 percent among women and 5 percent to 6 percent in men. Researchers have found among European-American females in particular, close to one-third (29 percent) of the risk for developing PTSD after a traumatic event was influenced by genetic factors. The genetic risk rate was found to be much lower in males.?? The first author of the study, Dr. Laramie Duncan, concluded that PTSD may be one of the most preventable of the psychiatric disorders. Understanding that not all people who experience trauma will develop PTSD, she shares the importance of this genetic research to be able to intervene quickly after trauma for those individuals who are identified as more genetically at risk. Current Research Genetic markers currently under investigation for their role in influencing the development of PTSD include those such as the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and genes associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.?? Additionally, there is research in the retinoid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORA) protein due to the role it plays in neuroprotection, helping protect neurons and glial cells from degenerative effects of oxidative stress, which is an impact of experiencing traumatic stress.?? Societal Factors Social support, or lack of, is a critical risk factor. Those who are limited in options for social support can be at greater risk for PTSD. After the traumatic event, the need for safe support resources is essential to help individuals process their experience in a healthy way and to regain hope through secure and safe emotional connections. Those with more avoidant coping strategies will be less likely to utilize supportive resources or seek healthy connections after experiencing a traumatic event. People who try to generally cope with challenges in isolation may be at greater risk for developing PTSD. Even if you do have support available, it may not be enough to curb the development of PTSD. Biological and Neurological Factors Two risk factors that have been shown to possibly influence the development of PTSD after trauma are IQ and neuroticism. Those who tend to score lower on IQ tests have been shown to be more susceptible to developing PTSD.?? In addition, people who have greater  neuroticism  have shown to be more likely to have PTSD.?? Neuroticism is a personality trait of people who are more likely than average to experience anxiety, feelings of guilt, worry, fear, anger, frustration, and sadness. As mentioned previously, there is an increasing number of research studies dedicated to exploring the role of genetics in the development of PTSD. Being that PTSD does not occur in everyone who experiences a traumatic event, these continued findings help to better determine who may be at greatest risk so that interventions and treatments can be of the most help. Post-traumatic stress disorder, along with other conditions such as major depression, is associated with decreased brain volume, particularly in the prefrontal areas. Research has shown that this decreased volume was associated with greater self-reports of anxiety in participants.?? Understanding that the emotional impact of trauma can have a cumulative effectâ€"it can be easier to understand how past traumatic experiences can be a risk factor for someone developing PTSD after a marked traumatic event.?? Other Factors Another risk factor in the development of PTSD after a traumatic event is having experienced another trauma in the past. The impact of trauma has been found to have a cumulative effect. This means that a trauma survivor who did not previously show symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder could develop PTSD after subsequent trauma. A history of struggling with a mental health condition prior to the traumatic event can also be a risk factor in the development of PTSD. It has been shown that existing mood disorders, anxiety-related disorders, and conduct disorder can be influential risk factors.?? Life stressors are a risk factor as well. When people are currently experiencing life stressors such as divorce, financial strain, work stress, or for children who are experiencing emotional challenges at school or home, the likelihood of developing PTSD can increase. The nature of the triggering event is something to consider as an influential factor. It has been shown that the more intense the event, such as witnessing death or extreme violence or having been injured during the traumatic event, can be a risk factor. When someone has experienced physical pain as a result of their trauma, such as with sexual abuse, the risk of PTSD can be greater, since the physical pain is a reminder of the traumatic event. Helping Someone Cope With a Traumatic Event It’s tough trying to help when a friend or loved one doesn’t want to talk about what happened. It can be hard to keep making the effort to get the person to respond, especially if you feel you’re being pushed away. But you’re in a good place to help when you: Understand the definition of a traumatic eventCan identify some of the signsAre willing to keep offering help even if its not accepted at first Remember, your caring support after a traumatic event may make a big difference in how well and how fast the traumatized person recovers. How Is PTSD Treated?

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Analysis of Excerpt from Martin Luther King’s “Why We...

America in the 1960’s was a dark, despairing environment for African Americans, or Negroes. Conditions in all areas of life were poor, chances of success were slim to none, and appreciation or acceptance in the community was barely a dream. Negroes of this time were downtrodden, disrespected, and poorly treated. In his book, â€Å"Why We Can’t Wait,† Martin Luther King uses historical allusion, emotive imagery, rhetorical questions, and juxtaposition to convey the negative, daunting poor social conditions of Black Americans in the 1960’s. The first literary device utilized by King in his work is historical allusion. The subject matter which he presents to achieve his rhetorical purpose of depicting the dreadful situation of blacks in†¦show more content†¦Emotive imagery is flexibly employed by King in this passage to achieve his overall rhetorical goal. The next literary element that King uses is rhetorical question. Martin Luther King us es rhetorical questions to provoke deep thoughts or bring up topics in his prose. One example of a rhetorical question in Why We Can’t Wait is, â€Å"Why does misery constantlyShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesWeidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 1187 Words

Although other physician recommended drugs can relieve various illnesses, for some patients these drugs do not relieve their symptoms, as they should (Joy 117). For this type of patient, medical marijuana is an obvious alternative, if only it were legal. The legalization of marijuana is becoming a more polemic debate as several states are, at the very least, decriminalizing it. The decision for legalization is conflicted between whether the drug can provide benefits towards certain medical conditions and also be safe to consume. Marijuana should be legalized for medical uses because it has a broad set of therapeutic effects that are beneficial to certain patients. Two FDA-approved drugs contain a chemical that resides in marijuana, which shows that the side effects of prescription drugs are similar to marijuana. The legalization does not have a negative influence on society, especially teenagers, according to research done with eight states. Like other prescription medicines, marijua na has a large variety of remedial aftereffects that can be beneficial for certain conditions. HIV/AIDS and chronic pain are the most common disorders that can be treated with marijuana. These patients reported that marijuana alleviated nausea and vomiting, and also augmented their appetite (Joy 19). According to the United States General Accounting Office, the state-qualifying conditions are cancer chemotherapy treatment, glaucoma, epilepsy, wasting syndrome, anorexia, and multiple sclerosisShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that mari juana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words   |  7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the medical si de of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this wouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?985 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize Marijuana Despite what people believe about marijuana, it hasn’t once proved to be the cause of any real issue. It makes you wonder what the reason as to why there is a war on drugs. Why is marijuana the main concern? Since the time that alcohol and tobacco became legal, people wonder why marijuana isn’t legal yet. The fact that marijuana is illegal is mainly caused by the amount of money, jobs, and pride invested in the drug war. Once the government starts anything, they stick to it. At

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Was Alexander Really Great Free Essays

Greatness is an umbrella term that can hold several different meanings and interpretations. In the case of Alexander the Great, it has a very specific meaning that reflects upon the achievements and success of his life time, despite the many character flaws and failings he undoubtedly possessed. Alexander the Great definitely deserves this appellation for three main reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on Was Alexander Really Great? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firstly, he conquered an incredibly vast area for his young age and lack of experience; secondly he left his mark on society which has lasted till contemporary day; and thirdly he completely revolutionized military techniques and styles. Firstly, Alexander the Great fought in horrific battles that rewarded him with a huge amount of land, resources and prosperity. He engaged in conflicts including the Battle of Granicus, Battle of Isus and the Battle of Tyre, leading him to conquer nations now known as Turkey,Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and a large portion of India. His ambition certainly paid off, and as Arrian, an historian living at the time of Alexander wrote, †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦He would always have searched beyond for something unknown, and if there had been no other competition, he would have competed against himself. This source is quite reliable, as it reinforces other accounts of his attitude correctly, however Arrian basically recorded all the conquests of Alexander the Great, so it may be influenced or recorded with a certain bias that Alexander himself imposed. Secondly, Alexander the Great helped to establish Greek society and spread it over the world. He single handedly created a culture that has maintained itsel f till this very day. It truly is a great feat to form a society, including language, etiquette, customs and traditions that will last thousands and thousands of years. Historian Professor Paul Cartledge stated in his manuscript Hunting for a New Past â€Å"the great leader’s achievements – both in his lifetime and posthumously are simply staggering, as they have lasted the generations to still be evident today. † Cartledge’s opinion, although we must keep in mind it is only his opinion, is certainly reliable as he is a modern day expert on Greek culture and greek history, quoting in an edited and published official manuscript. Lastly, the military wisdom and knowledge that Alexander the Great not only possessed, but created himself, is astounding. The number of battles and wars he planned and executed is truly great, and especially in such a successful manner. This is one of his greatest attributes, and the skill he is most remembered for. A tapestry called Alexander the Great in Battle, discovered in 1661 by archaeologist Charles le Brun, reflects upon this concept. It depicts Alexander riding into battle and slaying his enemy with strategy and premeditated decision. Although it may be not completely reliable as it seems to portray the romantic myth of Alexander as a ferocious and fearless warrior, it does hold a concise example of his skill in military prowess. Overall, Alexander the Great deserves his namesake because despite having many character flaws, he was an exceptional man who achieved some astounding feats. The vast land he conquered at such a young age, as well as his long lasting impacts on Greek society, and finally his military intelligence and success prove that Alexander truly was a great individual. How to cite Was Alexander Really Great?, Papers

Sunday, May 3, 2020

The FBT Tax Implication

Question: Explain The FBT tax implication. Answer: Alan the employee of the company ABC pty received some benefits from his company. Some benefits needs to taken into consideration and is to be seen that will it have any Fringe benefit tax on it under the given conditions The given condition When the number of employees are 5 instead of 20 When the attendees of the party had clients of the company. Legislation FBT Act, 1986 ITAA 1997 Analysis Under the Fringe Benefit tax assessment act, 1986 a Fringe benefit tax liability incurs on the part of the employers when some benefits are provided to the employees. It does not include the salary or the pension or other payment which is treated as income by the employee. Instead it should be additional perks which makes the employees life easier. The FBT tax implication on the given amounts or benefits will be as follows: Salary amount of $300,000 It is given in the section 6 5 of the Income Tax assessment act, 1997 that ordinary incomes include income from employment. Employment income includes salary, wages, etc. Therefore, such amount is paid for the work done by the employee and hence, it is not a benefit which will be taxable under the FBT act. Payment of the mobile expense of $200 which includes the goods and service tax also, is paid for doing the company related work. No personal use from it is being derived. In the case, where it used for personal work there only it will get taxable. Hence, such amount of $200 is exempted from FBT act. A mobile phone of $2000 is given to Alan. Where the mobile phone is one in number given for work related purpose, there it will be exempted from the Fringe benefit tax act. But, when it used for personal use and also, there is more number of mobile phones provided to the employee, there it will create a Fringe benefit tax liability. Here mobile phone provided is just one used for work will not be considered for tax purpose. Payment of any expense which is to be paid by the employee or is the liability of the employee will be taxable in the hands of the employer. A payment of school fess of $20,000 is paid for Alan/s kids. It will be taxable on ABC Pty Companys part. When the company provides for any additional benefit in the form of entertainment or meals, or partys there will incur a tax liability on company $6,600 is incurred on such expenses. It will create a tax liability and such amount will considered under Fringe benefit tax purpose. It should be noted that it does not matter that how many number of employees were given party, What matters is that the act of party comes under entertainment which creates Fringe benefit tax liability. Hence, even when there are 5 employees the Fringe benefit tax liability will be same. The taxable amount will be the amount incurred on the benefit which is same as before as $6,600. It is given that the party was hosted for the employees and the partners which are taxable already. If there is an addition of the clients of the company it will be taxable as earlier in the same manner. Therefore, the answer to this remains the same. Conclusion The company is providing the benefits to the employee Alan and some other benefits to other employees. AN additional perk other than employment salary or wages creates a tax liability on the company which is to be paid by them. The benefit which is taxable and provided to Alan is the school fees of $20,000 and dinner party expense of $6,600. The non taxable benefits are mobile bill payment of $200 and handset of $2,000 as they are used for just work only And also the handset provided is just one. The fringe benefit tax liability for company will remain same even when the number of employees changes from 20 to 5 as the event is already a taxable one. There will a Fringe benefit liability when the dinner party attendees include the clients of the company. This does not change the purpose of the expense which is to provide entertainment to the employees, the partners and the clients. Given: The manufacturer of tennis balls purchased machinery of $1.1 million used for making cans to pack the balls. Later, in the year 2014 on 1st January, the old machine was sold for $3.3 million and new purchased for $2.2 million. What will be the tax implications on such act? Legislation ITAA 1997 Section 40 of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 Analysis Section 40 340 of the ITAA 1997 Act, deals in the rollover assets and accordingly relief is given to such assets. Its implications are such that the calculated capital gain or the loss is disregarded unless the new asset later on makes a taxable capital gain in the following conditions: Capital gain tax event happens. On the disposal of the asset, balancing adjustment happens In the given below conditions: On loss of asset, or the destruction. Purchase of shares on sale of shares or scrips for scrips when takeover or merger takes place. iii. On the event of demerger where the earlier company is either dissolved or constructed into new one, or the earlier company is departed from the major one. Breaking of the relationship or marriage. In such case, the asset is actually not sold but transferred. It is not disposed actually. Moreover such event should take place after 20 September 1985, to be a taxable capital gain or allowed as deduction under capital loss. Lease mining Land disposed after the lease agreement to the lessee. Rollover of assets under other conditions such as: - Asset acquired after capital gain event took place - The assets of the partner or the individual are disposed to a company. - Financial service providers statutory license is renewed - Disposal of a depreciating asset. - Replacement of assets vii. Rollover of the same category asset where the old asset is exchanged for a new one but the asset is the same. viii. Under the condition where the asset is received in inheritance but after 20 September 1985. If the date of acquisition if the asset is before the mentioned date, then the capital gain made or capital loss taking place is disregarded. The case law 2015/40 states about the details of the rollover assets and whether such capital gain will be taxable or not. The shareholders of the old company become the shareholder of the new company. The shares were transferred actually. There is the act of sale as the earlier shares are disposed, but the shares are substitutes with the new ones in the new company of the earlier organisation. Hence, any capital gain made or capital loss taking place is disregarded. This clarifies that when the rollover of the assets take place, because of the mentioned acts above, there will be a rollover relief to the taxpayer and no capital gain tax will be paid on it. The calculation will be under the two categories. Purchase of asset is before 20 September 1985 and sale is after such date, then the capital gain or loss is disregarded as it is mentioned in the act. Purchase of asset is after 20 September 1985, and sale too, will create a tax liability on the taxpayer unless it is exempted. For the rollover relief there will be the calculation of reduced cost base for the new asset which will be its cost base when it will be sold. It is calculated by deducting the sale price of the old machinery from the purchase price of it. Here, the sale price is $330,000 and it was acquired for $1.1 million. Therefore, the reduced cost base will be $770,000. This will be the cost base of the new machinery and will be taking into consideration for the sale of it in later years. The earlier machine enjoyed whatsoever method of depreciation and useful life will be taken into consideration for the new one. Conclusion Section 40 340 of the Income Tax Assessment Act, 1997 specifies that the assets which are exchanged for a new one for netter quality or service is exempted from capital gain event and the difference between the cost base of the old asset and the sale price of it when exchanged will be treated as the new cost base of the new machinery with the same useful life and depreciating method. The other benefit includes the reduced cost base of it on the basis of old asset, carry forward of loss in the coming years. Hence the old machinery sale will not create taxable capital gain and the useful life taken for it will be 10 years with the reduced cost base of $770,000 which will be considered in the later years when it will be sold. The depreciation method will be same as before which ever was considered. References ANON, 2015,Entertainment and FBT,Accessed on 25th May 2016 ANON, 2015, Rollover, Accessed on 25th May 2016, Available at:

Tuesday, March 24, 2020

Titanic Analysis Essay Example For Students

Titanic Analysis Essay TitanicWhen people hear the name Titanic manyvivid and emotional images come to mind. Visions of the very lastyet frantic final moments titanic spent afloat before sinking to its waterygrave miles below the surface. No one however pictures everythingthat had happened before and after the great liner sank, or the passengersand crew who were doomed to be aboard the massive ship. Many factors madewhat was titanic, her crew the passengers and the inevitable crash. The story of titanic started in Belfast,Ireland where hundreds of hard working men spent countless hours buildingwhat was at 46,328 gross tonnage the largest moving object at the time. The R.M.S. Titanic was owned by American tycoon J.P. Morgan, but was beingoperated on the British owned White Star line. The ship was reportedto have cost some where between $7,500,000 $10,000,000. It wasto be Bruce Ismays crowning achievement and at 882 ? feet longand 100 feet high it truly was. Mr. Thomas Andrews the ship designergave her a revolutionary layout, and it appears that titanic was builtto accommodate up to 64 lifeboats yet had only 16 aboard and 4 collapsiblelifeboats were added last minute giving a life boat capacity of only 1,176. We will write a custom essay on Titanic Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Now we come to the passengers and crewwho were aboard the ill-fated liner. The captain was Edward JamesSmith a very reputable and respected captain. The maiden voyage wasto be Captain Smiths last and he has even been quoted as saying nothingexciting ever happens on my trips. As Titanic was the ship of al shipsher passengers were the whose who of the world. Aboard were Americanmillionaire John Jacob Astor and his wife, Mr. and Mrs. Isador Strauss,Mr. Benjamin Guggenheim and his mistress, the unsinkable Molly Brownand the Countess of Rothes. As it seems the massive liner was doomedto infamy from the very beginning. At on Wednesday April 10, 1912the R.M.S. Titanic started to depart from Southampton on its way to NewYork City. Just as titanic left port a dangerous suction started and pulledanother ship the New York into a crash course with the immense ship andit wasnt until the last possible minute that a huge surge of water pushedthe New York out of harms way. Yet just as it seemed that disasterwas averted another major problem started. In coal bunker # 5 spontaneouscombustion caused a very destructive fire that took 3 days to extinguish. Mr. Andrews was sent to examine the damages and reported that the firecompromised the steel and could have possible damaged the airtight compartments. The next topic needed to cover is the controversial events leading up toand including the crash on April 14, 1912. The day started out withclear weather and with the boat at a full 22 ? knots what seemedto be smooth sailing, but nothing could have prepared them for what wouldhappen later that night. That night the temperature suddenly droppeddown t a chilling 31 degrees Fahrenheit with a wind chill of only 0 degreesFahrenheit in the crows nest. Titanic was travelling too fast in conditionso dangerous that other ships had stopped for the night. At 10:00p.m. Frederick Fleet took his place as look out in the crows nest, withonly one problem his binoculars had been missing since leaving Southampton4 days earlier. At 11:40 p.m. that night everything was calm includingthe usually turbulent ocean, but the calm was suddenly shattered by whatis now one of the most famous quotes ever Iceberg right ahead. .u767f771691afa3dce36cc185f423dac5 , .u767f771691afa3dce36cc185f423dac5 .postImageUrl , .u767f771691afa3dce36cc185f423dac5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u767f771691afa3dce36cc185f423dac5 , .u767f771691afa3dce36cc185f423dac5:hover , .u767f771691afa3dce36cc185f423dac5:visited , .u767f771691afa3dce36cc185f423dac5:active { border:0!important; } .u767f771691afa3dce36cc185f423dac5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u767f771691afa3dce36cc185f423dac5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u767f771691afa3dce36cc185f423dac5:active , .u767f771691afa3dce36cc185f423dac5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u767f771691afa3dce36cc185f423dac5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u767f771691afa3dce36cc185f423dac5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u767f771691afa3dce36cc185f423dac5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u767f771691afa3dce36cc185f423dac5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u767f771691afa3dce36cc185f423dac5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u767f771691afa3dce36cc185f423dac5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u767f771691afa3dce36cc185f423dac5 .u767f771691afa3dce36cc185f423dac5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u767f771691afa3dce36cc185f423dac5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lessons Learned from Tuesdays With Morrie EssayAlmost immediately Officer Murdoch ordered the ship to full reverse andhard to port which basically means to turn left. One major designflaw came into play here, the rudders were too small so the ship did notturn in time and so the ship hit the iceberg on her starboard side leavinga tiny trail of small punctures in the hull. These small breaks wereall that was needed to seal the fate of titanic and her passengers fornow over 400 tons of water was pouring in every minute. As soon asthe reality of everything set in Mr. Andrews was sent to inspect that damagecaused by the iceberg, the results were almost unbelievable. Theiceberg caused 5 of the 16 airtight compartments to fill with water, onemore that ever imagined in any accident. Mr. Andrews conclusion wasthat the ship everyone said, G-D himself could not sink was going tobe at the bottom of the ocean in a matter of hours. With this tragicnews the crew was instructed to start evacuating the boat women and childrenfirst and so a little past mid-night the 1st class was being awaken tohead towards the lifeboats. At 12:10 a.m. Captain Smith ordered theMarconi operators to send out a distress call that the ship was sinkingby the head. One of the first ships to respond was the German Shipthe Frankfort, but because it was operated by a competitor the operatorsignored all of the Frankforts messages. A nearby ship the Californianwas with in eyesight but the operators were off duty and asleep. Finallyat 12:45 a.m. the Carpathia responded but they were over 4 hours away. By now everyone was aware of their impending doom and chaos was startingto break out, but through it all many people came to terms with their fateand accepted it. Mr. Guggenheim and his valet dressed in their bestan were prepared to go down as gentlemen, Mr. and Mrs. Strauss laid intheir suite in what was to be a final embrace. Though some found peacemany were frantic and beginning to become desperate, but the ships musiciansplayed non-stop in order to calm the passengers. What made all mattersworse was that the life boat capacity was only that of ? the passengersand crew on board. Their was 318 1st class, 262 2nd class, 740 3rdclass passengers and 860 officers and crew on board a total of 2180 souls,2180 and only 1,176 were to be saved if all seats were filled. Thiswas a very scary and confusing time so one cannot put blame on the crewbut they were sending lifeboats able t fit 65 heavy men filled with only12 people in some out to sea. At 2:15 the ship stern was submergedat an 80 deg ree angle in the water and at 2:17 all power to titanic hadfailed. Just as the horrid sight of the once grand ship adhering straightup sunk in the minds of all watching the sturdy hull began to give wayand the immense body off titanic split in two and the stern came crashingback down to the surface. Slowly the stern began an eerie decent into theocean which some described as similar to an elevator ride. The once loadroaring of the ships destruction now turned into the painful cries of1,500 men, women and children who were now battling to stay alive in thefreezing ocean water. As most survivors testified to the most hauntingnoise was not the breaking or even the shrieking of all those waiting todie in the ocean but the unearthly silence once everyone eventually frozeto death. It wasnt for hours that the Titanics sister ship the Carpathiafinally arrived and pulled aboard only a little over 700 survivors. .uc77aac108de0a9a92a2519d0f50ec700 , .uc77aac108de0a9a92a2519d0f50ec700 .postImageUrl , .uc77aac108de0a9a92a2519d0f50ec700 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc77aac108de0a9a92a2519d0f50ec700 , .uc77aac108de0a9a92a2519d0f50ec700:hover , .uc77aac108de0a9a92a2519d0f50ec700:visited , .uc77aac108de0a9a92a2519d0f50ec700:active { border:0!important; } .uc77aac108de0a9a92a2519d0f50ec700 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc77aac108de0a9a92a2519d0f50ec700 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc77aac108de0a9a92a2519d0f50ec700:active , .uc77aac108de0a9a92a2519d0f50ec700:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc77aac108de0a9a92a2519d0f50ec700 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc77aac108de0a9a92a2519d0f50ec700 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc77aac108de0a9a92a2519d0f50ec700 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc77aac108de0a9a92a2519d0f50ec700 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc77aac108de0a9a92a2519d0f50ec700:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc77aac108de0a9a92a2519d0f50ec700 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc77aac108de0a9a92a2519d0f50ec700 .uc77aac108de0a9a92a2519d0f50ec700-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc77aac108de0a9a92a2519d0f50ec700:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reasons For Being Vegetarian EssayNews headlines around the world soon readof how the Unsinkable titanic perished in the night and how over 1,500souls came to an untimely end in the middle of the North Atlantic. Mostof the blame was placed on Bruce Ismay who was reportedly the man who orderedto ignore the ice warning and for the ship to gain speed. Reportshowever of how the ship sank widely varied, some said the boilers explodedsome said the ship was in one piece and some said that crew men were sopanicked that they were shooting men who got unruly. No one knew what hadhappened or even the exact location of the wreckage until a joint U.S. ? French expedition discovered titanic 1,600 miles NE of New York, 95 milessouth Grandbanks Newfoundland @ 41.16 degrees N. latitude and 50.14 degreesW. longitude. The expedition surveyed and photographed the wreckageand reported that the ship had indeed broke in two and laid about ?a mile apart. In July 1986 a 3-man U.S. exploration team in Alvin submersiblesonce again surveyed and photographed the wreckage. It wasnt until a controversialFrench salvage team in 1987 began collecting artifacts from the ocean floor. They collected glasses, dishes, jewelry, suitcases, currency, and a bunchof little insignificant objects. This caused a major uproar what the scientistcalled preserving many people considered grave desecration, yet throughall the protests the artifacts were displayed in Paris in September 1987. Till this day scientist flock to titanic in order to determine what happenedand why, there are even countless movies which depict almost every theoryof what happened out today. With all the pain and suffering that surroundedtitanic no one stops and looks at what good came out of the tragedy. Due to all the faults aboard the Titanic there are now laws which statethat there must be lifeboat seats for all passengers on board. There mustbe full time maintenance and operating crews on radio watch while at sea. There must be lifeboat evacuation drills and there has been an internationalice patrol set up. So now when people hear the name Titanic they can visionnot only the crash and the anguish it caused but they also can envisionthe what went into titanic, the people who lost their lives that unfortunatenight, and the great achievements that came about because of it.

Friday, March 6, 2020

Free Essays on Modified Grading Scale

Modified Grading Scale Policy Description As the University of Idaho Education Board, appointed by the University and State Board of Education we feel that changing the grading scale will help push the University of Idaho to a higher level of academia. We represent the administration and the State Board’s interest in the operation of the University. We are the governing body authorized by the State and the administration. The policy will appear as follows in the 2004 spring semester faculty-staff handbook: Grading Policy: The grading scale of the University of Idaho is as follows for all non pass/fail classes. 95% and above is an A. 85-94% is a B. 75-84% is a C. 65-74% is a D. Failing grades will be given to students with a grade of 64% and below. We feel that this grading scale is a beneficial tool for setting a higher academic standard for our students. This will also help promote the University of Idaho and its faculty as an institution of higher learning. The administration working with the faculty will oversee the implementation of the new policy. The three audiences most affected by this plan will be the current students, faculty and the prospective students of this university. Current Students A) Practical and Informational Concerns The current students of this university will have to make some changes to meet this new policy. They may need to change their study habits if they would like to maintain their current grades. This may mean; studying more and taking advantage of their professor’s office hours. They may also have to cut back on extracurricular activities. For those students who already have 95% and above in their classes, no change will be necessary, they merely need to continue their study habits. For all other students this policy will be demanding but well within their abilities. Current students will need to know that the grading scale has been raised by 5% across t... Free Essays on Modified Grading Scale Free Essays on Modified Grading Scale Modified Grading Scale Policy Description As the University of Idaho Education Board, appointed by the University and State Board of Education we feel that changing the grading scale will help push the University of Idaho to a higher level of academia. We represent the administration and the State Board’s interest in the operation of the University. We are the governing body authorized by the State and the administration. The policy will appear as follows in the 2004 spring semester faculty-staff handbook: Grading Policy: The grading scale of the University of Idaho is as follows for all non pass/fail classes. 95% and above is an A. 85-94% is a B. 75-84% is a C. 65-74% is a D. Failing grades will be given to students with a grade of 64% and below. We feel that this grading scale is a beneficial tool for setting a higher academic standard for our students. This will also help promote the University of Idaho and its faculty as an institution of higher learning. The administration working with the faculty will oversee the implementation of the new policy. The three audiences most affected by this plan will be the current students, faculty and the prospective students of this university. Current Students A) Practical and Informational Concerns The current students of this university will have to make some changes to meet this new policy. They may need to change their study habits if they would like to maintain their current grades. This may mean; studying more and taking advantage of their professor’s office hours. They may also have to cut back on extracurricular activities. For those students who already have 95% and above in their classes, no change will be necessary, they merely need to continue their study habits. For all other students this policy will be demanding but well within their abilities. Current students will need to know that the grading scale has been raised by 5% across t...

Wednesday, February 19, 2020

A visual aid that illustrates a problem Research Paper

A visual aid that illustrates a problem - Research Paper Example The nature of task is given like booking musicians, choosing venue, promotional activities and ticket booking. The data gives information about the group names and task names. For example, the group name is book musicians while task name is given underneath it. These images makes is to easy to understand the task. The data in the chart are name of thetas, the person performing them and the dates on which they are being done. The name of the task is seen on the task bars and we can see that there are colours on the graphs which mean that is doing it .And the data regarding the date can be seen on the upper portion of the chart in columns. The significance of the chart is that it gives a detail about the tasks and structure about its performance. The tasks can be linked and they can be monitored to understand the progression. The chart defines the actions setting and gives information on the start date and end date and the mode of scheduling. In this way the project completes at an earlier date or on the correct time. The tasks can be edited or ended as and when required. Here we can see many resources and possibilities on specific times. The dependencies of the task can be analysed from the chart. One can calculate the dates and re – calculate it depending on the time and hence time gain can be accomplished. Here the tasks can be completed in a well defined manner and can relate to each other. As and when the bookings are done on the musicians then other affairs can be done. Like the venue setting, promotions and ticket arrangements. Even if any booking is cancelled things can be changed with less difficulty due to the co – ordination of tasking with the help of chart. So here the first task can be finished first and rest in order. There is a clear visual representation of the tasks to be performed which makes things more comprehensible. Girt chart is not a perfect tool for projects as it has its own limitations

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Cell phone Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cell phone - Assignment Example In this light, deciding not to buy the cell phones for children has its advantages and disadvantages. Also, deciding to buy cellphones for the students has disadvantages and advantages that ought to be considered. Those against the idea of cells for students argue that they are disruptive and affect their concentration. On my part, I support the idea of equipping the students with the cell phones. There are several reasons for this stand that cannot be overlooked. For instance, the cell phones provide an easy channel of communication between parents and their children. In this light, the gadgets help ensure that parents can check on their children when they are not around. Secondly, I believe that the use of cellphones among the children from an early age helps open up their minds and increases the chance of innovation and the invention of technological gadgets. Moreover, the cell phones provide a source of leisure for the students and are crucial for their growth and development. However, this point may be invalidated on the basis that cell phones cause disruption among the pupils. Another point in support of cellphones for school-going children is that they help the students to research and learn new things through the Internet. The case study explains the effects that the cell phones have on students in Uganda who area allowed to use the cells not only at home but also in school. In the research conducted by Richard and his subordinates, the school allows students to carry their phones to school. According to the study, the availability of cellphones is a source of security for the students, which in turn helps boost their classroom confidence (Twebaze and Richard 23). Moreover, the students involved in the case study argued that keeping close contact with their parents at home helped give them the motivation to work hard. Richard adds that â€Å"cell phones not only allow the students to talk to their parents but also gives them a chance to expand

Sunday, January 26, 2020

Fashion and Culture in India

Fashion and Culture in India Language disguises the thought, so that from the external form of the clothes one cannot infer the form of the thought they clothe, because the external form of the clothes is constructed with quite another object than to let the form of the body be recognized (Calefato 2004. p 13). The western culture is cultivating a grand love affair with the distinctive fashion style in India. Along with Indian music and spirituality, Indian clothing is seeing a huge impact on main stream identities of western style and culture. The main intention of this essay is to demonstrate how this emerging trend relates to the changing face of Indian fashion. Fashion is the style and custom prevalent at a given time. To some its an art form, to others its like a part of their culture and religion but to most it is a method of utilizing cloth to show or hide something about themselves. Fashion can be used to serve as an extension of ones own personality or to disguise ones own true self. One of the major points here is, how does art, culture and industry, the three aspects of life, relate to fashion? The English dictionary states that, art is a human skill opposed to nature. There are various for and against argument on whether fashion is an art form. One view that favors the argument is, art is a visual medium whose creators respond to the same stimuli as painters and sculptors and like art, it involves immense creativity as well as mastery of technique and materials. The view against it is, artists supposedly are not concerned with selling, they are consumed with creating works of art, not producing a collection for regularly scheduled s howings (Rhodes, 2003). Culture on the other hand is basically an intellectual development at a certain time and a certain place and refers to certain human behavior and activities that conclude to significance and importance whereas; industry is a segment of economy, concerned with the production of goods and service. It is an essential component of most societies and fashion is a huge contributor to it. The major fashion cities have continuous competition between each other and due to their different strategies become known as the cultural industries. The history of costume, Barthes (1983) says, has a general epistemological value. By history of costume, he means a socio-semiotic reading of the phenomenon of clothing as an articulate language through which it is possible to analyse a culture, as system and process, institution and individual act, expressive reserve and significant order. The nature of fashion, however, constantly changes and focuses on newness, or the illusion of something new which means that signs and symbols are transient. According to Woodruffe-Burton fashion is a visual commentary on the excess of a postmodern culture, the perfect foil for a world of fragmented and commensurate identities and personage, offering a dynamic procession of free floating signs and symbolic exchanges (Woodruffe-Burton 1998, page 302). Choices made in relation to new clothes are usually controlled by the current fashion look as defined within the fashion system and realized by the availability of fresh goods (Alexandra, 2004). According to Barthes (1983), the concept of new lifestyle and fashion styles is signified while the fashion commodities become signifiers. He also points out that the present form of fashion commodities decrease in value and are subsequently relinquished when the new signifier readily provides a replacement for the previous signifier. In addition, Baudrillad (1981) referred to fashion as a compulsion to innovate signs apparently arbitaray and perpetual production of meaning a kind of meaning drive. The meanings drive individuals, to seek out those new commodities that could signify them. According to Vinken, The discourse on fashion is constructed by the articulations of three major conceptual articulations: the division of being and mere appearance; the division of the sexes; and inseparab ly linked to the latter the division of the classes. In modern times, there has been a marked tendency for the first of these conceptualities whether it appears in its philosophical form or in its ethical application to be incorporated into the sociological variations of the divisions of gender and class. This phenomenon of compression has been compounded by the fact that the paradigm of the division of the sexes has allowed itself to be grafted onto the discourse on class, dominant until the eighteenth century, with the same ease that, in traditional thought, the moral condemnation of vanity let itself be combined with the philosophical suspicion of mere appearance(Vinken, p4) India during its earlier days to be clothed in fashion was seen as a mark of privilege enjoyed exclusively by upper class. The lower end of the society didnt have the access to it due to the dominance of traditional clothing which followed intensively during that time. But now it has changed for the better and is being enjoyed by almost everyone at every social level because of the democratization of fashion which has helped in mass production during the Industrial Revolution. The appearance of avant-garde designers from Japan in the early 1980s was believed to be the beginning of the postmodern phenomenon in the field of fashion. It allows openness to a great variety of styles and genres and the acceptance of Asian designers which was considered as the breakdown of the racial boundaries among designers who were largely white. Post modernity allows ethnic minorities, from women, lesbians and gay men to state find or retrieve an identity (Wilson 1994). The definition of what is fashionable was gradually decreasing in its nature with the beginning of postmodernism which eliminated differences and with the end of the autonomous sphere of fine art. What was usually worn as underwear now could be worn as outerwear. What used to be a hole for the neck could be worn as an armhole. Contents of fashions have become diverse and have redefined themselves implying the breakdown of the clothing system, itself that is, of sartorial conventions. The emergence of the new modern India seems to be the buss word for the new younger generation exposed to the vision of the new millennium as India opened up its doors to the west, there came a need to create a new identity. Thus was the idea of taking Indian traditional fabrics and styles and combining them with western cuts and lines, to appeal to larger segments and masses. Due to these developments, fashion gained in acceptance out of selected cities into the most conservative households. The new emerging trend catered way to the concept of Indian fashion boutiques, due to which women started moving out of the house and those typical tailor master were out of fashion. When more and more women started doing job, the online boutiques proved to be of great help as they can find everything under one roof, from fabric, designing, stitc hing and accessories (Chawla, 2006). Earlier to have a desired design, effort was needed to be put on to run from shop to shop to buy the fabric. Once the fabric is bought, the matching colour of laces and buttons need to bought and all these need to be given to the tailor for completing the stitching of the garment. Now, all these headaches are been taken care by the boutiques which keep a complete range of stitched and unstitched garments from casuals to party wear. The mall culture and family stores has dominated and is steadily growing in India. These are the places which are starting to become a favorite fashion hub for upper and middle class people. These stores sell fashion garments of all age groups and sexes and are considered as shopping destination. Most Indians express a great deal through their clothing. Their quench for the ultimate perfection plays a great deal in their choice of beautifully colored dramatic and sensuous garments. Highly lively colors woven in to signify the ornate designs can be found resonating through the whole of India. Lot of western influences has created modern designs which has been included into the basic structure of Indian outfit and that are the dresses that we find these days. So that makes us wonder, what was Indian fashion actually like when there were no designers displaying their haute couture to pamper a luxurious line of clientele? Well the answer to it is, India had its own kind of customs and traditions followed from generation to generations, the presence of it are even felt today. A surprising fact about ancient Indian fashion was that the clothes were not stitched together at all because most of the clothing was ready-to-wear, as soon as they left the loom. The ancient Indian fashion did not really have garments that were sewed together. The examples of these are the dhoti, the sari, the turban and the scarf. The practice of wearing dhoti by men and women were seen as a familiar site since India always go through hot and humid climatic conditions and these were made with cotton which suits the condition. The traditional Indian Dhoti, the Scarf or Uttariya and the popular Turban are still seen visible in India as people continue to wear them and hence remains as an integral part of Indian culture. Indian dressing styles are marked by many variations, both religious and regional with a wide choice of textures and styles (Tirthankar, 1999). One of the most commonly worn traditional dresses, the sari, is essentially a rectangular cloth measuring about 6 yards long. It passes through the legs around the body and tucked in at the back. Its worn in varied styles and is made from materials like pure silk or other fabric woven in different textures with different pattern s. It is worn by women as the lower garment combined with a Stanapatta (a thin band that wraps horizontally around torso) which forms the basic wear. This consists of garments that do not have to be stitched, the stanapatta being simply fastened in a knot at the back (Osella, 2000). Although the saris and the dhotis have never gone out of fashion, with the Persian influences in Indian fashion, women started wearing long tunics that went down to the knees with trousers that were known as  churidars. It also includes the very popular, versatile, comfortable and stylish  salwar-kameez. The  salwar  is a loose pajama like trouser whose legs are wide at the top and narrow at the ankle whereas kameez is a long tunic that goes down till the knees, the sides of which are left open below the waist-line, giving the wearer great freedom of movement. The basic design of this has been modified in various ways since ancient days (Jessica Pudussery, 2009). Apart from clothes, Gold plays a major role in Indian fashion and the use of it has been a tradition, long enjoyed by Indian women since early ages. Ornaments made of gold, combined with precious and semi-precious gems and beads, are the most popular ones. As the story goes on, it is said that traditionally Indian or naments had an economic value for women. The ornaments given to her at her wedding constituted a daughters inheritance from her father (which was earlier referred to as Dowry). Though this no longer holds true, a brides ornaments is considered as a financial security for her throughout life. In India the appearance of dressing styles is more towards a cosmopolitan way rather than region specific; the cause of this change can be reflected back to the early days of Indian Independence. Later on globalization bought about huge changes and this can be considered as one of the major factors witnessed in Indian fashion industry, were significance noticeable changes in styles have happened in connection with Indian dressing. Indias rapidly expanding economy has provided the basis for a fundamental change, the emergence of what is called a new vanguard increasingly dictating Indias political and economic direction (India child, 2000). There can been seen an increasingly popularity towards western mode of dressing styles among the urban youth of both sexes. Some young women are trying to incorporate the latest fashion trends within their wardrobe while still following some of the traditional Indian dressing customs. The women youth market is significant not only because of it she er size and the spending power but since they are the trend setters for rest of the population. Young women generally pay more emphasis on their appearance than older people and thus clothing occupies a more central position. They are more likely to be fashion conscious and hence are frequent buyers and they usually prefer wearing casuals (Gowswamy Roy, 2007). Although traditional dress is still worn in India, according to V.P. Sharma, an Indian worker working as a weaver in the traditional handloom sari industry in Bihar since 1988, blames the trend in womens changing tastes for handloom saris, a simple cotton sari that many Indian women wear daily. The plain designs and less appealing colors, plays no significant role for a new modern woman like Rashmi Raniwal who is a 22 year old sales assistant. Sari? she says giggling, I never wear it casually, only for formal occasions. She further adds that women in India welcomes change as it is seen as a mark of progress. There is a common view that people would consider, a woman clothed in western formal wear is more empowered than her traditional counter parts. (Time Magazine 2009). In globalized modern India mens fashion hasnt changed significantly from season to season whereas business clothing has undergone few changes but its more of being professional than being fashionable. Personal hygiene is part of the success equation, freshly scrubbed wins out over heavily fragranced. The finishing touch for Indian business professionals is his choice of accessories like briefcase, portfolio and pen but when it comes to sealing the deal, a top of the line suit, a silk tie and a good pair of leather shoes would make things perfect and professional. Its all about presenting themselves in a way that makes the business clients feel comfortable and confident on them. Dressing for success is still the rule that is being followed. It was during the late 1970s and 80s the importance of women in work place began to have a prominent role than ever before. They gradually moved into positions that had been traditionally held by men. Many of them even thought that they need to imi tate males business clothing to look appropriate for the position; the outcome was, women seen dressed in skirted suits and jackets with tailored blouses. While the business women now wear trousers to work, she does it with the intention to look professional. (Doris, 2005). Like the men the same overall rules apply to womens work atmosphere as well, business clothing is not a reflection of the latest fashion trend but it is to notice herself as a professional. They think that they should be noticed for who they are and their professional skills rather than the fashionable clothes they wear. The business wear should be appropriate for the industry and the position they hold within the industry. In the 1960s and 70s, this whole bit of buildup of wealth in India was still suffering from a Gandhian hangover. Even though there were a whole lot of families who were wealthy all over India from North to South, all their lifestyles were very low key. They were not exhibitionist or were not into the whole consumer culture. The trend has now changed completely and we can see a complete lifestyle transformation on spending habits from cell phone, holiday destination to latest fashion, which earlier would have triggered a sense of guilt that in a nation like India a kind of vulgar exhibition of wealth is contradictory to its own values. Consumerism has now become an Indian value and the new Indian middle class is making its voice heard everywhere. The middle class is hard to define precisely, is bracketed on either side by the upper and lower echelons. It is not a single stratum of society but straddles town and countryside. It encompasses prosperous farmers, white-collar workers, busi ness people, military personnel and myriad others, all actively working towards a prosperous life (Fernandes, 2006). Members of the upper class which is around 1 percent of the population, are owners of large properties, members of exclusive clubs and vacationers in foreign lands, and include industrialists, former maharajas, movie stars and top executives. Below the middle class is perhaps a third of the population who are ordinary farmers, trades people, artisans and professional workers (Britannica 2009). In todays fashion conscious society, with numeral number of designers, it would be a difficult to note down some of the top fashion designers all over the world. The superiority of designer clothing gives one the satisfaction of owing a designer piece that is unique in every way. The emergence of western concepts of displaying fashion shows has now become a common event in India. The so called catwalk models started displaying collections of designers on ramp. It was in 1932, the first fashion catwalk was organized in India by Catherine Courney. Now it can be seen as a common every day event with many conceptual and theme based shows. Indians have started exploring new avenues with their modern hybrid fashion trends which is a blend of the old traditional and the new modern and is gearing up to International exposure. This fact can be proved by the existence of eighty plus fashion schools in India were young vibrant designers are trained to face the international arena. Recently, som e of the worlds famous fashion designers like Armani, Fendi and Myiake all have been fascinated and drawn by the elements of the exotic Indian culture and traditions (Mark 2008). India, which perfectly mixes the spirit of adventure, the sense of mystery and majesty with the principles of elegance, sophistication and modernity, has long been a wonderful source of inspiration for many internationally acclaimed fashion designers. In Paris, Dries Van Naton, (The Telegraph, 2009) one of the new fashion leaders and the member of the so- called Belgain Four presented a collection of layered chiffon raps dresses saris and kurtha looks alikes. The color palettes of these modern western designers are drawing from the colors of vibrant Indian Rajasthan Desert at sundown using rich golds red and green. Fashion designers are credited for their mastery in embedding their creations with works of art that embellish the beauty of a woman. Its a fact that all of us are different from each other and seldom have the perfect figure and elegant personality that should be flaunted. Its also a truth that nobody is perfect, we all vary in height, color and characteristics. Its the magical hands of the fashion designers that transform one through intelligent smart dressing. They shape up the body in the most modest manner and make people look stunning and sensuous. There is something unique about every designer, one might focus on ethnic styling while the other on hottest western collections. The Indian movie industry has contributed and provided inspiration for the gloriously rich Technicolor summer fashion. Asia had a huge influence on the spring/summer 2002 designer catwalks and this resulted in the high street awash with bright turquoise, fuchsia, brocade and emerald tops, skirts and trousers (Colin 2004). With the changing time, the Indian fashion designers have brought about a storm in this glamour world with their commendably fabulous variety both internationally and locally. A huge chunk of latest fashion is made out of expensive designer clothing. These range from expensive saris to other traditional outfits which are stitched with semi-precious stones. These are exclusively made to cater the taste and preference of particular individuals to be worn during special occasions. Some even focus on modern expensive western fashion brands to make their presence felt. All these trends can be seen in Indias growing class of the super-rich which constitutes the maharajas and other like leading movie stars and industrialists. According to CapGemini Merrill Lynch Asia Pacific Wealth Report 2008, the number of Indians with more than $1 million in assets has grown since last year by 22%, to 167,000, more than in any other Asian country. Finally, Indian fashion beauties on the world stage canno t be ignored or left out of fashion since its the women beauties of India who bought about major changes in outlook of fashion, though they were left behind in the early days. Lara Dutta (Miss Universe 2000) and Priyanka Chopra (Miss World 2000) are the few to name as the world renowned Indian beautys who contributed to these changes. Indian fashion got International exposure and acclamation through the medium of such beauty contests. Unlike uniforms, the way we dress of our own accord involves a number of subconscious decisions. There is a concept in fashion that nothing is new, in a sense everything has been done before. This is coming closer to obvious reality, although the direction is not yet decided, it is almost certain that women will use fashion as an extension of their freedom and being no longer limited by the boundaries of class. Now people like to dress in style which is accepted globally and has become an aspect of ones identity and personality.

Saturday, January 18, 2020

Historical

Web Case Book on BELOVED by Toni Morrison  © 2007 English Department, Millikin University, Decatur, IL http://www. millikin. edu/english/beloved/Baynar-historical-essay1. html Toni Morrison’s Beloved: Institutionalized Trauma, Selfhood, and Familial and Communal Structure by Klay Baynar Toni Morrison’s Pulitzer Prize winning novel Beloved is, in fact, a historical novel. It is based on a documented event involving fugitive slave, Margaret Garner, who was arrested for killing one of her children rather than returning her daughter to the dismal life of a slave.Readers might ask themselves why an African American woman would choose to focus her writing on a devastating act of violence within an African American family as opposed to focusing on the white aggression that ran rampant throughout the time period of the novel. However, by focusing Beloved on the infanticide committed by a newly freed black mother, Morrison is able to communicate a strong message, the importanc e of which spans from the Reconstruction era in the antebellum South to racially charged issues in modern America.Morrison implicitly shows throughout the novel that the psychological effects of slavery on the individual, as well as the whole slave community, were far more damaging than even the worst physical sufferings. In Beloved, Morrison uses symbolism to depict the atrocities of white oppression that caused the loss of African American humanity while also focusing on how the African American community came together to deal with the traumas of the past, thus reclaiming their selfhood.The African American â€Å"veil† acts as a strong symbol of a white dominant society throughout the novel. During the Reconstruction era, black Americans were forced behind this â€Å"veil† that allowed them to only see themselves from the white man’s point of view. Hofstra University’s James Berger cites W. E. B. Du Bois’s The Souls of Black Folks, writing  "†¦the American Negro, ‘born with a veil†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ can achieve ‘no true self-consciousness’ but can only ‘see himself through the revelation of the other [i. . white] world’† (410). Morrison herself recognizes this veil by noting â€Å"†¦that slaves narrators, ‘shaping the experience to make it palatable’ for white readers, dropped a ‘veil’ over ‘their interior life’† (Rody 97). This â€Å"veil† represents the unyielding ideologies of white oppression that were exercised throughout the period of slavery and the Baynar 2 period of intense racial tension that followed the Civil War.In Beloved, Morrison writes a false removal of this veil for both Sethe and Baby Suggs. This removal is foreshadowed by the imagery of the Book of Revelation (four horsemen) in the beginning of the infanticide chapter (Berger 409). When Sethe sees the â€Å"four horsemen† coming to retrieve her a nd her children and return them to slavery, Morrison reveals the thoughts of a black mother when faced with returning to slavery: And if she thought anything, it was No. No. Nono. Nonono. Simple. She just flew.Collected every bit of life she had made, all the parts of her that were precious and fine and beautiful, and carried, pushed, dragged them through the veil, out, away, over there where no one could hurt them. Over there. Outside this place, where they would be safe. (Morrison 192) Due to continuing white oppression after slavery, Sethe believed that the only way to make her children safe was through death. In killing her daughter, Sethe frees her from living a life of dehumanizing slavery. However, this act of violence did nothing to remove the veil.What makes the infanticide a false removal of Sethe’s family from oppression is that the very event that was meant to remove the facade of â€Å"free and equal† blacks (infanticide) actually trapped Sethe’s fa mily in a state where no subjective self could ever be achieved. This familial meltdown stopped history in its tracks. It forces Sethe and Denver into a repressive state in which past traumas are lost. When Denver finds out about that day, she becomes deaf and dumb, unwilling to face the horrible traumas of the past.Sethe represses any and all memories of the past, only allowing them to resurface with the appearance of Paul D and the expulsion of the ghost. Even Paul D has repressed memories, represented by his tobacco tin: It was some time before he could put Alfred, Georgia, Sixo, schoolteacher, Halle, his brothers, Sethe, Mister, the taste of iron, the sight of butter, the smell of hickory, notebook paper, one by one, into the tobacco tin lodged in his chest. (Morrison 133) However, Sethe and her family were not the only people that fell victim to the â€Å"veil† of oppression.White dominance also reappeared for Baby Suggs on the day of the infanticide. When â€Å"†¦ they came in my yard† (Morrison 211), Baby Suggs realized that no African American is truly free. Not in a free state, not after slavery, not ever. Baby Suggs’s sense of self was â€Å"unmade† that day when she realized the freedom she thought she was living was false (Boudreau 460). Being a former slave herself, she understood the colonizing ideologies that slavery entailed. When she finally became free, she was able to claim her own humanity: â€Å"She couldn’t stop laughing. My heart’s beating,’ she said. And it was true† (Morrison 166). In this part of the novel, Morrison shows that, for a formerly colonized people, a free identity is only obtained through decolonization. The decolonization of the African American people required the retrieval of past traumas. In In Our Glory: Photography and Black Life, bell hooks writes that â€Å"decolonization†¦calls us back to the past and offers a way to reclaim and renew life-affirming bonds† (183). So, the key to African American subjectivity lies in the past. This idea is explicitly shown when Paul D’sBaynar 3 tobacco tin, the item in which he locks away the past, bursts open. Sitting on the front steps of a church drinking liquor, â€Å"His tobacco tin, blown open, spilled contents that floated freely and made him their play and prey† (Morrison 258). The content that follows is all of Paul D’s memories. With his tobacco tin open, he is forced to face his past, finally able to free himself and move on towards the future. â€Å"Rememory† in the novel explicates the idea that no trauma is ever one’s own, but are shared among groups of people. Rememory† works as a collective way for a community to decolonize themselves (Elliot 183). Sethe explains rememory, saying that, If a house burns down, it’s gone, but the place—the picture of it—stays, and not just in my rememory, but out there, in the world †¦Someday you be walking down the road and you hear something or see something going on†¦And you think it’s you thinking it up†¦But no. It’s when you bump into a rememory that belongs to somebody else. (Morrison 43) A rememory is someone’s individual experience that hangs around like a picture.It can enter someone else’s rememory and complicate one’s consciousness and identity (Rody 101). Rememory is what connects the past with the present, realizing a collective memory that a community uses as a tool to help cope with past traumas. The collective management of these past traumas is best seen at the Clearing. â€Å"†¦Baby Suggs, holy, followed by every black man, woman and child†¦took her great heart to the Clearing†¦laughing children, dancing men, crying women and then it got mixed up† (Morrison 103).Baby Suggs led the community in a therapy session of sorts in order to release bottled up emotions. The Clearing was a place in which the community could go and work through past experiences with the help of everyone, a place to deal with the past in order to love in the present and plan for the future. This idea is revisited at the end of the novel as well. If Beloved represents the manifestation of the day of the infanticide, the day that 124 died and the visits to the Clearing ended, the end of the novel shows how the community comes together again to expel her from 124.Beloved and Sethe looked out the window and â€Å"†¦saw Denver sitting on the steps and beyond her, where the yard met the road, they saw the rapt faces of thirty neighborhood women. Some had their eyes closed; others looked at the hot cloudless sky† (Morrison 308). With this scene, Morrison expresses a positive example of African American communal unity. Beloved is not a novel that is confined in meaning to the Reconstruction era. The publication of the Moynihan report in 1965 sparked a racial controversy regar ding the dysfunctional nature of the African American family.Daniel Moynihan reported that â€Å"The family structure of lower class Negroes is highly unstable, and in many urban centers is approaching complete breakdown† (Moynihan). This report resulted in a political divide regarding race that lasted well into the 1980s: The discourse of race in the 1980s, then, was constrained by a double denial: Reaganist conservatives denied American racism and descendants of the New Left denied any dysfunction within African American communities. (Berger 414) Sethe’s family is certainly dysfunctional: A single mother working a low paying job who thenBaynar 4 suffers a mental breakdown. Both of her sons ran away, never to be seen again. Sethe murdered one of her daughters and the other is incapable of leaving the yard. The family’s dysfunction stems from their unwillingness to face the ghosts of past traumas. The historical parallel to this are the far right and far left id eologies of racial denial. Beloved represents racial violence in America, willing to return unless the systemic nature of racism is addressed. If traumas are repressed and not worked out, their effects will never go away.The ending pages of the novel give the most powerful representation of the results of historical repression. They forgot her like a bad dream. After they made up their tales, shaped and decorated them, those that saw her that day on the porch quickly and deliberately forgot her. It took longer for those who had spoken to her, lived with her, fallen in love with her†¦So in the end, they forgot her too. Remembering seemed unwise. (Morrison 323-324) Beloved has again been repressed, forced to fade into the subconscious of everyone that had known her. Morrison uses this to parallel race in America.When Beloved was published, Reaganist conservatives denied American racism. Slavery is such a profound black mark in American history, it is better left forgotten; rememb ering would be unwise. However, if slavery and legal white oppression are allowed to be forgotten, there is nothing standing in the way of their return. Morrison creates a paradox with this idea. The final chapter’s structure is set up with an initial couple paragraphs explaining that everyone eventually forgot about Beloved. Following these paragraphs was a sentence meant to justify the forgetting: â€Å"This is not a story to pass on† (Morrison 324).However, this line is a contradiction. The story that shouldn’t have been passed on is a best-selling novel and is dedicated to â€Å"Sixty Million and more. † By repressing a historical trauma, it is allowed to return. The very last word of the novel, â€Å"Beloved,† attests to that claim. Especially when in regards to racism, â€Å"Only if traumas are remembered can they lose, gradually but never entirely, their traumatic effects (Berger 415). Slave owning ideologies caused intense institutionalize d trauma, the damage of which has lasted long after slavery was abolished.Indoctrinated with white ideas about how to view themselves, newly freed African Americans found the veil cast upon their identity difficult to cast aside. Dealing with the past traumas of slavery in a white dominant society required the effort of not only the individual, but also the African American community. Being able to reflect upon past traumas of oppression allowed the community and the individual to move towards a less traumatic future. However, the historical period in which Morrison wrote Beloved suggests that American society, both white and black, have forgotten how to manage the issue of race.Morrison’s ideas concerning the â€Å"veil,† rememory of trauma, and her portrayal of communal and familial structure exemplify the idea that the key to African American societal progression is the recognition of the past. Works Cited Berger, James. â€Å"Ghosts of Liberalism: Morrison’ s Beloved and the Moynihan Report. † PMLA 111. 3 (1996): 408-420. Boudreau, Kristin. â€Å"Pain and the Unmaking of Self in Toni Morrison’s Beloved. † Contemporary Baynar 5 Literature 36. 3 (1995): 447-465. Elliot, Mary Jane. â€Å"Postcolonial Experience in a Domestic Context: Commodified Subjectivity in Toni Morrison’s Beloved. MELUS 20. 3/4 (2000): 181-202. hooks, bell. â€Å"In Our Glory: Photography and Black Life† Picturing Texts. Ed. Lester Faigley, Diana George, Anna Palchik, Cynthia Selfe. New York: W. W. Norton, 2004. 175183. Morrison, Toni. Beloved. 1987. New York: Vintage International, 2004. Moynihan, Daniel. â€Å"The Negro Family: The Case For National Action. † March 1965. 20 Nov. 2007 . Rody, Caroline. â€Å"Toni Morrison’s Beloved: History, ‘Rememory,’ and a ‘Clamour for a Kiss. ’† American Literary History 7. 1 (1995): 92-119.