Historical

Web Case Book on BELOVED by Toni Morrison  © 2007 English Department, Millikin University, Decatur, IL http://www. millikin. edu/english/beloved/Baynar-historical-essay1. html Toni Morrison’s Beloved: Institutionalized Trauma, Selfhood, and Familial and Communal Structure by Klay Baynar Toni Morrison’s Pulitzer Prize winning novel Beloved is, in fact, a historical novel. It is based on a documented event involving fugitive slave, Margaret Garner, who was arrested for killing one of her children rather than returning her daughter to the dismal life of a slave.Readers might ask themselves why an African American woman would choose to focus her writing on a devastating act of violence within an African American family as opposed to focusing on the white aggression that ran rampant throughout the time period of the novel. However, by focusing Beloved on the infanticide committed by a newly freed black mother, Morrison is able to communicate a strong message, the importanc e of which spans from the Reconstruction era in the antebellum South to racially charged issues in modern America.Morrison implicitly shows throughout the novel that the psychological effects of slavery on the individual, as well as the whole slave community, were far more damaging than even the worst physical sufferings. In Beloved, Morrison uses symbolism to depict the atrocities of white oppression that caused the loss of African American humanity while also focusing on how the African American community came together to deal with the traumas of the past, thus reclaiming their selfhood.The African American â€Å"veil† acts as a strong symbol of a white dominant society throughout the novel. During the Reconstruction era, black Americans were forced behind this â€Å"veil† that allowed them to only see themselves from the white man’s point of view. Hofstra University’s James Berger cites W. E. B. Du Bois’s The Souls of Black Folks, writing  "†¦the American Negro, ‘born with a veil†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ can achieve ‘no true self-consciousness’ but can only ‘see himself through the revelation of the other [i. . white] world’† (410). Morrison herself recognizes this veil by noting â€Å"†¦that slaves narrators, ‘shaping the experience to make it palatable’ for white readers, dropped a ‘veil’ over ‘their interior life’† (Rody 97). This â€Å"veil† represents the unyielding ideologies of white oppression that were exercised throughout the period of slavery and the Baynar 2 period of intense racial tension that followed the Civil War.In Beloved, Morrison writes a false removal of this veil for both Sethe and Baby Suggs. This removal is foreshadowed by the imagery of the Book of Revelation (four horsemen) in the beginning of the infanticide chapter (Berger 409). When Sethe sees the â€Å"four horsemen† coming to retrieve her a nd her children and return them to slavery, Morrison reveals the thoughts of a black mother when faced with returning to slavery: And if she thought anything, it was No. No. Nono. Nonono. Simple. She just flew.Collected every bit of life she had made, all the parts of her that were precious and fine and beautiful, and carried, pushed, dragged them through the veil, out, away, over there where no one could hurt them. Over there. Outside this place, where they would be safe. (Morrison 192) Due to continuing white oppression after slavery, Sethe believed that the only way to make her children safe was through death. In killing her daughter, Sethe frees her from living a life of dehumanizing slavery. However, this act of violence did nothing to remove the veil.What makes the infanticide a false removal of Sethe’s family from oppression is that the very event that was meant to remove the facade of â€Å"free and equal† blacks (infanticide) actually trapped Sethe’s fa mily in a state where no subjective self could ever be achieved. This familial meltdown stopped history in its tracks. It forces Sethe and Denver into a repressive state in which past traumas are lost. When Denver finds out about that day, she becomes deaf and dumb, unwilling to face the horrible traumas of the past.Sethe represses any and all memories of the past, only allowing them to resurface with the appearance of Paul D and the expulsion of the ghost. Even Paul D has repressed memories, represented by his tobacco tin: It was some time before he could put Alfred, Georgia, Sixo, schoolteacher, Halle, his brothers, Sethe, Mister, the taste of iron, the sight of butter, the smell of hickory, notebook paper, one by one, into the tobacco tin lodged in his chest. (Morrison 133) However, Sethe and her family were not the only people that fell victim to the â€Å"veil† of oppression.White dominance also reappeared for Baby Suggs on the day of the infanticide. When â€Å"†¦ they came in my yard† (Morrison 211), Baby Suggs realized that no African American is truly free. Not in a free state, not after slavery, not ever. Baby Suggs’s sense of self was â€Å"unmade† that day when she realized the freedom she thought she was living was false (Boudreau 460). Being a former slave herself, she understood the colonizing ideologies that slavery entailed. When she finally became free, she was able to claim her own humanity: â€Å"She couldn’t stop laughing. My heart’s beating,’ she said. And it was true† (Morrison 166). In this part of the novel, Morrison shows that, for a formerly colonized people, a free identity is only obtained through decolonization. The decolonization of the African American people required the retrieval of past traumas. In In Our Glory: Photography and Black Life, bell hooks writes that â€Å"decolonization†¦calls us back to the past and offers a way to reclaim and renew life-affirming bonds† (183). So, the key to African American subjectivity lies in the past. This idea is explicitly shown when Paul D’sBaynar 3 tobacco tin, the item in which he locks away the past, bursts open. Sitting on the front steps of a church drinking liquor, â€Å"His tobacco tin, blown open, spilled contents that floated freely and made him their play and prey† (Morrison 258). The content that follows is all of Paul D’s memories. With his tobacco tin open, he is forced to face his past, finally able to free himself and move on towards the future. â€Å"Rememory† in the novel explicates the idea that no trauma is ever one’s own, but are shared among groups of people. Rememory† works as a collective way for a community to decolonize themselves (Elliot 183). Sethe explains rememory, saying that, If a house burns down, it’s gone, but the place—the picture of it—stays, and not just in my rememory, but out there, in the world †¦Someday you be walking down the road and you hear something or see something going on†¦And you think it’s you thinking it up†¦But no. It’s when you bump into a rememory that belongs to somebody else. (Morrison 43) A rememory is someone’s individual experience that hangs around like a picture.It can enter someone else’s rememory and complicate one’s consciousness and identity (Rody 101). Rememory is what connects the past with the present, realizing a collective memory that a community uses as a tool to help cope with past traumas. The collective management of these past traumas is best seen at the Clearing. â€Å"†¦Baby Suggs, holy, followed by every black man, woman and child†¦took her great heart to the Clearing†¦laughing children, dancing men, crying women and then it got mixed up† (Morrison 103).Baby Suggs led the community in a therapy session of sorts in order to release bottled up emotions. The Clearing was a place in which the community could go and work through past experiences with the help of everyone, a place to deal with the past in order to love in the present and plan for the future. This idea is revisited at the end of the novel as well. If Beloved represents the manifestation of the day of the infanticide, the day that 124 died and the visits to the Clearing ended, the end of the novel shows how the community comes together again to expel her from 124.Beloved and Sethe looked out the window and â€Å"†¦saw Denver sitting on the steps and beyond her, where the yard met the road, they saw the rapt faces of thirty neighborhood women. Some had their eyes closed; others looked at the hot cloudless sky† (Morrison 308). With this scene, Morrison expresses a positive example of African American communal unity. Beloved is not a novel that is confined in meaning to the Reconstruction era. The publication of the Moynihan report in 1965 sparked a racial controversy regar ding the dysfunctional nature of the African American family.Daniel Moynihan reported that â€Å"The family structure of lower class Negroes is highly unstable, and in many urban centers is approaching complete breakdown† (Moynihan). This report resulted in a political divide regarding race that lasted well into the 1980s: The discourse of race in the 1980s, then, was constrained by a double denial: Reaganist conservatives denied American racism and descendants of the New Left denied any dysfunction within African American communities. (Berger 414) Sethe’s family is certainly dysfunctional: A single mother working a low paying job who thenBaynar 4 suffers a mental breakdown. Both of her sons ran away, never to be seen again. Sethe murdered one of her daughters and the other is incapable of leaving the yard. The family’s dysfunction stems from their unwillingness to face the ghosts of past traumas. The historical parallel to this are the far right and far left id eologies of racial denial. Beloved represents racial violence in America, willing to return unless the systemic nature of racism is addressed. If traumas are repressed and not worked out, their effects will never go away.The ending pages of the novel give the most powerful representation of the results of historical repression. They forgot her like a bad dream. After they made up their tales, shaped and decorated them, those that saw her that day on the porch quickly and deliberately forgot her. It took longer for those who had spoken to her, lived with her, fallen in love with her†¦So in the end, they forgot her too. Remembering seemed unwise. (Morrison 323-324) Beloved has again been repressed, forced to fade into the subconscious of everyone that had known her. Morrison uses this to parallel race in America.When Beloved was published, Reaganist conservatives denied American racism. Slavery is such a profound black mark in American history, it is better left forgotten; rememb ering would be unwise. However, if slavery and legal white oppression are allowed to be forgotten, there is nothing standing in the way of their return. Morrison creates a paradox with this idea. The final chapter’s structure is set up with an initial couple paragraphs explaining that everyone eventually forgot about Beloved. Following these paragraphs was a sentence meant to justify the forgetting: â€Å"This is not a story to pass on† (Morrison 324).However, this line is a contradiction. The story that shouldn’t have been passed on is a best-selling novel and is dedicated to â€Å"Sixty Million and more. † By repressing a historical trauma, it is allowed to return. The very last word of the novel, â€Å"Beloved,† attests to that claim. Especially when in regards to racism, â€Å"Only if traumas are remembered can they lose, gradually but never entirely, their traumatic effects (Berger 415). Slave owning ideologies caused intense institutionalize d trauma, the damage of which has lasted long after slavery was abolished.Indoctrinated with white ideas about how to view themselves, newly freed African Americans found the veil cast upon their identity difficult to cast aside. Dealing with the past traumas of slavery in a white dominant society required the effort of not only the individual, but also the African American community. Being able to reflect upon past traumas of oppression allowed the community and the individual to move towards a less traumatic future. However, the historical period in which Morrison wrote Beloved suggests that American society, both white and black, have forgotten how to manage the issue of race.Morrison’s ideas concerning the â€Å"veil,† rememory of trauma, and her portrayal of communal and familial structure exemplify the idea that the key to African American societal progression is the recognition of the past. Works Cited Berger, James. â€Å"Ghosts of Liberalism: Morrison’ s Beloved and the Moynihan Report. † PMLA 111. 3 (1996): 408-420. Boudreau, Kristin. â€Å"Pain and the Unmaking of Self in Toni Morrison’s Beloved. † Contemporary Baynar 5 Literature 36. 3 (1995): 447-465. Elliot, Mary Jane. â€Å"Postcolonial Experience in a Domestic Context: Commodified Subjectivity in Toni Morrison’s Beloved. MELUS 20. 3/4 (2000): 181-202. hooks, bell. â€Å"In Our Glory: Photography and Black Life† Picturing Texts. Ed. Lester Faigley, Diana George, Anna Palchik, Cynthia Selfe. New York: W. W. Norton, 2004. 175183. Morrison, Toni. Beloved. 1987. New York: Vintage International, 2004. Moynihan, Daniel. â€Å"The Negro Family: The Case For National Action. † March 1965. 20 Nov. 2007 . Rody, Caroline. â€Å"Toni Morrison’s Beloved: History, ‘Rememory,’ and a ‘Clamour for a Kiss. ’† American Literary History 7. 1 (1995): 92-119.

Homeless Women in America Essay

Imagine not having all the luxuries that embellish one’s life. All the things that make someone happy can be a mere memory in an instant. It is a reality that many women are becoming homeless at an alarming rate. Many for the reason that one parent works and the other stay home. The husband comes home with no money to provide nor give to his children because he rather spend it on beer or on drugs and not even have a thought that he has a family waiting for him at home. What is a woman to do with no money, no home, and no job. She has never had to work in her life, which has no job experience, Due to the fact she has always been dependent on her husband. Prostitute? This is what homeless women end up doing to support and feed their children. â€Å"There’s been a study about the prostitution of homeless women. 75 percent of women in escort prostitution had attempted suicide, 62 percent reported having been raped in prostitution and 73 percent reported having experience physical assault in prostitution†(Kay 2). Historically, homeless women become homeless due to their husband using drugs or being under the influence. However, today the reasons are more because of their economic issues. The fact, that there is not funding for women shelters or job training women and their families are forced to live in their cars or on the streets. The lack of government funding is forcing women out of their homes and having to find shelters for their children and themselves. How could it be possible that state and local government are revoking or reducing the monthly financial aid to women with families? Homeless women are exchanging their bodies for money to support their family.

The Works of Poet Carl Sandburg and His Effect on American...

The Works of Poet Carl Sandburg and His Effect on American Poetry The beloved poet, Carl Sandburg, changed the course of American poetry. He was a poet, novelist, journalist, and songwriter, yet the influence of his works have not always been acknowledged. Carl Sandburgs evocations of American urban and rural life, compassion for people, and his love of nature, through his works have made an enormous contribution to the American literary scene. Carl Sandburg was born on January 6, 1878 to illiterate parents of Swedish decent in Galesburg, Illinois. Much of Sandburgs literary works are a result of his life time observations. He, more generously than many of his fellow authors, left a detailed account of his wanderings, his†¦show more content†¦Sandburg is too interested in the half-tones of humanity, the highlights of humor, the terse queerness. He is interested in atmosphere....The new sapience, it seems to me, is what Sandburg fails to show.(clc 35,347) Now, on the other hand Amy Lowell, another critic, has a complete opposite view on the poems by Carl Sandburg. The seeing eye- Mr. Sandburg has it to a superlative degree, and wedded to it, an imaginative utterance which owes nothing whatever to literature or tradition. It is a fascinating and baffling study this of examining how Mr. Sandburg does it....It is, more than anything else, the sharp, surprising rightness of his descriptions which gives Mr. Sandburg his high position in the poetry of today.(clc 35,341) These critics views are on the extreme opposite sides of the scale. Benet feels Sandburgs poetry is uncohesive, unstructured, and just not sapient. While Lowell feels his poetry is imaginative and fascinating, along with baffling. If Sandburg were alive to read the analysis of his poetry by the critics, he probably would have writing a poem about it. It would have fascinated him, how two people could have such opposite views. In The People, Yes, a large percentage of the poem is based on the different views and values of people in our society. Chicago is another one of Carl Sandburgs well known poems,Show MoreRelatedThe Resilience Of Nature By Sara Teasdale And Carl Sandberg Essay1550 Words   |  7 Pagesto the point of non-existence nature will continue to flourish. Although Sara Teasdale and Carl Sandberg have each chosen the topic of war within their poems and both have used nature to convey their opinions about humanity; the mechanics used to write each poem are different. Each poet chooses the theme of nature’s generative abilities to portray man’s disillusion about what war truly has a lasting effect on. 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Reflecting On The Residential School System - 1509 Words

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Dickason, Olive Patricia and Long, David. (2011). Visions of the Heart. Oxford University Press. First Nations Elders maintain traditional lifestyles and beliefs. They continue to spread the oral traditions that once were very well known. After residential schools were created a lot of knowledge was lost from the First Peoples, and the Elders have become a primary source for this knowledge perseverance. â€Å"Elders continue to accrue, especially both to their role and function and to theShow MoreRelatedDifferent Situations Where Skills By Social Workers Are Needed When Working With Groups1575 Words   |  7 Pageswhere skills by social workers are needed when working with groups. I will define the term ‘group’ and will be reflecting on my own experiences of working within groups and what I have observed in regards to individuals, behaviours and group dynamics. 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Personal Journal My Dad, My Biggest Supporter - 624 Words

If I were to choose one person in my life that had the most influence or impact on who I am today, I would say it was my dad. Ruth E. Renkel once said, â€Å"Sometimes the poorest man leaves his children the richest inheritance.† That is evident in the woman I have become from the little girl that my dad raised. With his patient teaching manner and â€Å"You can do it!† mentality, my dad is the person who has most inspired me. He was my greatest teacher, my biggest supporter, my best friend, and I would not be the person I am today if not for his loving guidance during my younger years. When I was younger, I could not wait for my dad to come home from work each day anticipating the stories that he would have to tell. He had such a way of telling a story that it would draw the listener in like a moth to a flame. I thought they were just neat stories about interesting people and situations that he had encountered in his life. 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For the 2012 edition: This book is dedicated to my wife Hellan whose good advice has improved the book in many ways. vi Table of Contents Preface.............................................................Read MoreAn Evaluation of an on-Farm Food Safety Program for Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Producers; a Global Blueprint for Fruit and Vegetable Producers51659 Words   |  207 Pagesimplementation was size-neutral and value was obtained through market access. Produce industry stakeholders can apply the results of this research and create a template to be used in similar extension activities. Acknowledgements For the past four years of my life, food safety conversations followed me wherever I go. I ve discussed it at the dinner table with family at Thanksgiving; on a road trip to Atlantic City with friends; at a bar following a pick-up hockey game; and even on the golf course. Produce-relatedRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesstrongly associated with recreational drugs. By the early 1990s, drug-dealing in its most ugly sense had become part of the dance culture. Palumbo recalled: When I came into this business, with my bonuses and my nice City suits, I was completely naà ¯ve. Just a joke. I found that every Friday and Saturday night my door was taking  £30,000 and the security team was making  £40,000 on Ecstasy. It happens everywhere in the UK leisure business. There are all these fat bastards running chains of discos andRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesof Business, University of Oregon. He is certified Scrum Master. v â€Å"Man’s mind, once stretched by a new idea, never regains its original dimensions.† Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. To my family who have always encircled me with love and encouragement—my parents (Samuel and Charlotte), my wife (Mary), my sons and their wives (Kevin and Dawn, Robert and Sally) and their children (Ryan, Carly, Connor and Lauren). C.F.G. â€Å"We must not cease from exploration and the end of all exploring will be

Integrating Management of Customer Value †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Integrating Management of Customer Value. Answer: Introduction Online transactions are susceptible to many risks. The meaning of risk is the vision of any misfortune or loss that can occur in e-business. The risk may lead to loss of financial, goodwill and mental wealth of company. The following report is going to analyse about the various potential risk and fraud which has to be faced by Marky Gs during online business. It also analysing about the various possible solution to mitigate the risk and frauds of e-business (Cavusgil, et al., 2014). The second part of the report analyses about the legal and ethical issues which Marky Gs is facing in the market. And it also analyses the various possible solution to remove these issues in e-business of Marky Gs. The biggest threat faced by e-commerce companies are insecurity of financial transaction and loss of privacy of customers. Privacy has become the more serious concern for the company as well as government. According to the report by U.S major issues are faced due to credit and debit card transactions. In this, the user's information is leaked while transaction (Grant, et al., 2014). In any e-commerce company, the issues like data integrity, client and customer verification and non-revocation are problems to the achievement of any online business. Data integrity is the affirmation that information transmitted is reliable and accurate meaning that it has not been altered or adjusted at all amid transmission (Ruch Sackmann, 2012). The risk of transmission of sensitive data is also increased when customers complete the online transaction. Network issues: All networks possess own security concerns primarily due to the reason that maximum networks are reliant on further private networks which are possessed and administered by the third party and on a public-shared structure where the company has lesser control and knowledge about the applied security actions (Zhang, et al., 2012). One of the greatest worrying safety issues faced by e-business is at times when a hacker introduces a denial of service attack. This attack is considered by an explicit effort by hackers to stop users from using an e-business structure. Technical attacks: Technical attacks are the crucial challenges which e-commerce companies are facing regularly main issues in technical attacks are: Denial of service attacks: These attacks comprise of crushing a server, a network or a website in the request to paralyze its ordinary movement (Liu, Cao He, 2011). Safeguarding against DoS assaults is a standout amongst the most difficult security issues on the Internet today. A noteworthy trouble in obstructing this attack is to follow the wellspring of the assault, as they regularly utilize wrong or spoofed IP source delivers to mask the genuine starting point of the attack. Brute force attack: A brute drive attack is a technique for crushing a cryptographic plan by attempting a substantial number of potential outcomes; for instance, an immense number of the conceivable keys in a space keeping in mind the end goal to decrypt a message. Brute Force Attacks, although saw to be low-tech in nature are not an artefact of days gone by. In May 2007 the web foundation in Estonia was disabled by numerous managed animal power attacks against government and business organizations in the nation. Software development issues: Security holes are present in all new and present software systems primarily because of software bugs due to carelessness and on the other hand, not the very talented security-centred developer or programming designers. A software bug could be just a mix-up or oversight in a PC program or site coding that influences the site or program to act in a unintended way that could extend from a minor issue like incorrect rendering or designing of the data on the screen to a noteworthy issue like enabling unauthorized clients to get to vital information on the servers (Turban, et al., 2015). And moreover, network and communication rules and regulations are continuously changing creating difficulty for security advisors. On top of these, network and communication standards and protocols are in a state of continuous changes which makes keeping up-to-date with all security advisories and security patches a difficult task (Highsmith, 2013). Likewise, programmers can utilize viruses and different noxious programming to hack e-business frameworks and have the capacity to take clients' data, steal information misfortune, or make e-business frameworks out of reach. Numerous consumers use wireless Internet networks and mobile devices to access e-business structures. Wi-Fi networks and mobile devices show a security threat since external users can snoop on wireless infrastructures (Sood, 2012). Safeguarding a wireless network with the help of password lock creates more difficulty for external users to associate to a network and use sensitive information, still a wireless connection is not secured as a wired network most vulnerable threat is information leakage of users through the implications done by a hacker camouflaged in the mobile system. The hacker issues various queries in the database server with the objective of inferring parts of customers buying pattern and history (Dinh, et al., 2013). Ways to protect Marky Gs from potential threat and frauds Selecting and adopting a protected e-commerce platform is the first stage in safeguarding the website of the company from cyber-attacks. E-commerce stage is the main base for companies online store. The Marky Gs should consider the use of refined object-oriented programming or language enhancing the internal network and management panel. This creates hackers inaccessibility of using company data and information. The integration to third-party safety provisions and updating latest version secures company website from hackers (Galliers Leidner, 2014). The hosting provider impacts on the safety and security of business to a big extent. So the Marky Gs should not go for a host which is not precisely providing to all the requirements of the business website because the website is generally used for commercial purpose only. To guarantee the safety of e-business, Marky Gs should ensure dedicated host provider for business use. The main features web hosting company should offer are an immediate recovery in case of disaster, 24 hours assistance, and observation of project, AES encryption and much more to create a safety shield around business from cyber-attacks (Niranjanamurthy, et al., 2013). The Marky Gs should use HTTPS encryption instead of HTTP encryption. And it should get a strong SSL authentication in order to create more safety of e-business. The SSL not only protects data and sensitive information but also verifies the characteristics of the business. By using this online buyer can rely on company website about the entered information. The company should go for EV SSL certification which provides a positive signal for website safety against hackers. EV SSL has done this through by adding a green HTTPs prefix and symbol on the web page. There would be no risk of digital attack if the Marky Gs doesn't have any delicate data put away on your web-based business web page. Keeping in mind and evaluating if abstaining users financial information can save the clients data, at that point do as such. As indicated by the PCI Security Council, it is never a smart thought to store any kind of delicate data like MasterCard or check card subtle elements on own server (Gloor, 2012). It is prescribed to store an insignificant measure of information that would be sufficient for discounts or charge-backs on your online business website to shield it from digital assaults. And if the company website doesnt have anything to offer, the digital hackers could never care to loot a company. For a web-based business companies like Marky Gs supporting payments through cards or online exchanges, it is imperative to conform to every one of the controls given out by the PCI Security Standards Council to keep any kind of digital attack. The Marky Gs in advance should perform out all the security checks that are being asked by the Payment Card Industry to become a member of PCI compliant. Not adhering to the directions may leave the sensitive record and card data of online clients vulnerable to the attacks by digital offenders and programmers. Additionally, it may occur need to pay immense fines for not complying with the same (Ferrer, et al., 2012). The PCI hazard evaluations ought to be performed timely according to a number of exchanges occurring on online business web page every year. The Marky Gs should develop a powerful security barrier which cannot be broken by the virtual attackers. This wall should be made strong and concrete in order to protect the security of e-commerce website. The first layer which should be used is the firewall. And in order to add the extra layer, the company can put various applications, contact information details, login checkboxes, CVV2 box and much more. This all additional layer protects the e-business from various application attacks like cross-site scripting and SQL injections. Ethical issues faced by Marky Gs E-business like Marky Gs infers information about how users use a website through log files. The analysing a log file means the decoding of log data into the presentation or applying software which pools the significant information from different files in-house. The Marky Gs can track individual deviation from hacking software and cookie analysis. Moreover, programmes like cookies create a batch of privacy concern (Camarinha-Matos, Afsarmanesh Rabelo, 2013). The tracking history is saved by computer and any time a customer re-visits the page the information is retrieved. It is leaking personal information of customers to public creating ethical issues for the company. The online piracy can be defined as unauthorized copyright of electronically protected property, for example, eBooks, music or recordings. This untrustworthy action happens when the Internet clients utilize the product and equipment known in an illegal way to exchange the electronic licensed property over the Internet. For instance, some online applications like www.napster.com have empowered huge scale misuse of music tests and sound arrangements. According to Salman, Saad Ali, (2013) programming that is accessible for nothing of cost on the Internet permits the exchange of music and recordings without the approval of rights holders. Additionally, CD copiers and convenient MP3 players permit copyright infringement to happen rather effectively. Cyber-squatting is an action in which a man or company can enrol, buy and uses the current space name, having a place with the famous association, with the end goal of infringing its trademarks. This sort of individual or firm, called digital squatters more often steals the trademarks to coerce the payment from original trademark's proprietor. The coercion of payment happens when they offer the costs which are far more remarkable than what they have paid to buy the companys space name. Certain digital squatters set up deprecatory comments about the individual or organization which the domain is intended to speak to, with an end goal to urge the business to re-purchase their domain from them. E-mail spamming: It is also known as UCE (unsolicited commercial e-mail) which uses e-mails to direct or transmit unwanted promotion and correspondence on the internet. The person who spams their email is typically called spammer. Numerous spammers communicate their email with the end goal of attempting to get individuals' money related data, for instance, Visa or record bank numbers so as to swindle them. The case of extortion utilizing email is spammers will trap customers to enter their own data on counterfeit site utilizing email, produced to seem as though it is from the approved association, for example, bank. The substance of email frequently guides the purchasers to the fake site so as to trap them to fill their own data, for example, credit card or financial balance's details. This procedure is called phishing. Legal issues faced by Marky Gs E-commerce scam exploded out with the quick surge in the reputation of websites. The cheats are active mostly in the part of stocks. The minor depositors are attracted by the assurance of incorrect incomes by the stock agents. Auctions are also prone to fraud equally by suppliers and consumers. The accessibility of electronic mail and pop up commercials has cemented the path for monetary offenders to have the entrance of all people. Other zones of the potential scam include spectre business chances and false reserves. Copyright: The copyright laws ensure Intellectual property in its different structures, and can't be utilized unreservedly. It is exceptionally hard to secure Intellectual property in E-commerce. For instance, in the event, that of purchase programming company has the privilege to utilize it and not the privilege to appropriate it. The circulation rights are with the copyright holder (Iqbal, Khan Naseer, 2013). And moreover duplicating substance from the website disregards copyright laws. The rivalry over domain names is another legitimate issue. Web addresses are known as space names and they show up in levels. The finest level name is qburst.com or microsoft.com. Another level name will be qburst.com/blog. Top level space names are allotted by a focal non-benefit association which generally checks for clashes or believable infringement of trademarks. Issues emerge when a few organizations having comparative names contending over a similar domain name (Fleenor Raven, 2011). The issue of domain names was lightened to some degree in 2001 after a few upper-level names were added to com. Poor service: Online dealers can dispatch harmed or fake merchandise to clients, or neglect to deliver any products whatsoever. They may decline returns or may fail to offer credit to the client who in accordance with good faith restores the goods (Malhotra, 2014). They may neglect to ensure products in shipment and decline to assume any liability when the merchandise is harmed. Insensitivity is another regular concern in the online business world. Websites offer client helpline yet never answer it or distract the client to the wrong number. The skill to mount and bring down sites inside minutes enables unscrupulous individuals to acknowledge requests, cash and then disappearing, just to pop up later with similar merchandise under an alternate business name and site. Solving ethical issues The best way to solve the piracy issue in Marky Gs is to include considerably more obstacles, anybody submitting content for copyright security should likewise pay a charge. Be that as it may, enough to influence the supplier to consider it. Along these lines, if Marky Gs is not dismissive about securing their substance they'll pay for the insurance (Blanger Crossler, 2011). Whatever expenses are gathered will go towards not just subsidizing this archive but also towards enforcement. In the case that Marky Gs enlisted somebody to outline website, the domain name could likely be enrolled under that individual's name. Ensure it is enrolled for the sake of senior administration or the organization itself. Have no less than two names on the enrollment with the goal that when there are changes the two gatherings are told. Additionally, don't give Marky Gs domain a chance to lapse directly in front of company. Domain enlistment centers are revenue driven organizations; they are essentially recorded, attendants. In this way, when a domain name terminates from an employee they will keep it for themselves in the event that they believe that it is significant. Then Marky G might be compelled to purchase back in companys name (Guo, 2015). To resolve web tracking issues in Marky G, the company should use various tools to avoid the tracking of data and information from the company website. The tools which are prevalent in the market for stopping web tracking are Add-ons that block trackers, privacy badgers, Adblock plus and much more. These all tools are brilliant in safeguarding the information of company website to be attacked by the hackers (Baporikar, 2014). E-mail spamming: An approach to secure email protection is to utilize Thunderbird with Enigmail; Mac Mail with GPGTools; Outlook with GPG4Win. These tools enable Marky Gs to scramble a present email address and offer a suite of security upgrades to guarantee that information is being ensured. There are various email suppliers that have a model for giving choice security to free or for an ostensible expense. The accompanying apparatuses give a safe VPN to all web perusing, a USB-key essential email passage, and free email assurance for Marky G email address (Zaidan, et al., 2011). Solving legal issues Fraud on the internet: Utilize an address and card confirmation framework. "Empower an address confirmation framework (AVS) and require the card verification value (CVV) for MasterCard exchanges to decrease fake charges. Moreover, the requirement of solid passwords can resolve the issue (Mahdi Rezaul, 2012). While it is the obligation of the retailer to guard client data toward the back, Marky Gs can enable clients to help themselves by requiring a base number of characters and the utilization of images or numbers. Copyright: This issue can be resolved by filling the copyright in the government department. If the company owns proper copyright or intellectual property rights then it can stop other counterfeit companies. This can be implemented by Marky Gs registering the copyright and trademark as soon as it creates with proper government authority and without delaying it. An issue mainly happens in case Marky Gs does not register it on time, so this issue can be solved by timely and actively registering the copyright with the appropriate authority (Purohit, Jaiswal Pandey, 2012). Domain names: Marky Gs should make sure that domain is using correct servers name. And if Marky Gs has currently switched to other domain then it should point towards correct name servers where the company website is hosted. The company should give time to DNS servers to propagate the changes as they take 1-2 days in implementing changes. Poor service: The cost of operation and delays should be reduced with proper returns administration with unbroken communication stage with logistic associates and sellers by Marky Gs. With appropriate ticketing arrangements and simple to utilize interfaces by Marky Gs, workers can take into account each client ticket produced at any channel. The productivity rises with prioritization measures assigning out the level of significance to each ticket, ensuring high need tickets are taken care of on priority. Conclusion The above report analysed about the various risk that e-business is exposed to while doing business in online. The common fraud risk which can be faced by Marky Gs are brute force attack, security awareness, network issues and many more. The report also analysed about the various possible solution to mitigate these issues like getting SSL certification, becoming a PCI client and many more. The other part of report defined the legal and ethical issues which are to be faced by Marky Gs while dealing online. The issues like web tracking, piracy, poor service, domain issues and many more are too obvious to be faced. And the solutions to these issues are solving every problem accordingly. References Baporikar, N., 2014. eBusiness: Critical Success Factors.International Journal of Strategic Information Technology and Applications (IJSITA),5(4), pp.9-19. Blanger, F. and Crossler, R.E., 2011. Privacy in the digital age: a review of information privacy research in information systems.MIS quarterly,35(4), pp.1017-1042. Camarinha-Matos, L.M., Afsarmanesh, H. and Rabelo, R. eds., 2013.E-business and Virtual Enterprises: managing business-to-business cooperation(Vol. 56). Springer. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. Dinh, H.T., Lee, C., Niyato, D. and Wang, P., 2013. A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches.Wireless communications and mobile computing,13(18), pp.1587-1611. Ferrer, A.J., HernNdez, F., Tordsson, J., Elmroth, E., Ali-Eldin, A., Zsigri, C., Sirvent, R., Guitart, J., Badia, R.M., Djemame, K. and Ziegler, W., 2012. OPTIMIS: A holistic approach to cloud service provisioning.Future Generation Computer Systems,28(1), pp.66-77. Fleenor, C.P. and Raven, P., 2011. Barriers to effective e-business in developing countries.International Business Economics Research Journal (IBER),1(4). Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E. eds., 2014. Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge publication. Gloor, P., 2012.Making the e-business Transformation. Springer Science Business Media. Grant, K., Edgar, D., Sukumar, A. and Meyer, M., 2014. Risky business: Perceptions of e-business risk by UK small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs).International Journal of Information Management,34(2), pp.99-122. Guo, Y., 2015. How Would the Domain Name DisputeIkea Cybersquatting Case Be Decided Under American Law?. InResearch on Selected China's Legal Issues of E-Business(pp. 155-164). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Highsmith, J., 2013.Adaptive software development: a collaborative approach to managing complex systems. Addison-Wesley. Iqbal, M., Khan, A.A. and Naseer, O., 2013. A legal perspective of E-business and E-marketing for small and medium enterprises.arXiv preprint arXiv:1303.2675. Liu, B., Cao, S.G. and He, W., 2011. Distributed data mining for e-business.Information Technology and Management,12(2), pp.67-79. Mahdi, M.D.H. and Rezaul, K.M., 2012. Detecting Credit Fraud in E-Business System: An Information Security Perspective.Strategic and Practical Approaches for Information Security Governance: Technologies and Applied Solutions: Technologies and Applied Solutions, p.346. Malhotra, B., 2014. E-Business: Issues Challenges in Indian Perspective.Global Journal of Business Management and Information Technology,4(1), pp.11-16. Niranjanamurthy, M., Kavyashree, N., Jagannath, S. and Chahar, D., 2013. Analysis of e-commerce and m-commerce: advantages, limitations and security issues.International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering,2(6). Purohit, G.N., Jaiswal, M. and Pandey, M., 2012. Challenges involved in implementation of ERP on demand solution: Cloud computing.International Journal of Computer Science Issues,9(4), pp.481-489. Ruch, M. and Sackmann, S., 2012. Integrating management of customer value and risk in e-commerce.Information Systems and e-Business Management,10(1), pp.101-116. Salman, A., Saad, S. and Ali, M.N.S., 2013. Dealing with Ethical Issues among Internet Users: Do We Need Legal Enforcement?.Asian Social Science,9(8), p.3. Sood, S.K., 2012. A combined approach to ensure data security in cloud computing.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,35(6), pp.1831-1838. Turban, E., King, D., Lee, J.K., Liang, T.P. and Turban, D.C., 2015.Electronic commerce: A managerial and social networks perspective. Springer publication. Zaidan, A.A., Ahmed, N.N., Karim, H.A., Alam, G.M. and Zaidan, B.B., 2011. Spam influence on business and economy: Theoretical and experimental studies for textual anti-spam filtering using mature document processing and naive Bayesian classifier.African Journal of Business Management,5(2), p.596. Zhang, Y., Deng, X., Wei, D. and Deng, Y., 2012. Assessment of E-Commerce security using AHP and evidential reasoning.Expert Systems with Applications,39(3), pp.3611-3623.

Multiple Burden Essay Example

Multiple Burden Essay Apart from the social stigma, perhaps the most difficult aspect of being a single mother is the stress of carrying the host of domestic and work-related responsibilities as well as sorting out relationship issues with the father/s of their children. These women often have to mind household chores and at the same time come up with the money to pay the rent and take care of the bills. Some of them also face difficulties from irresponsible ex-partners, as revealed by Melody’s account from the yahoogroup AfAmersinglemoms or African American single moms: â€Å"It’s hard doing it by myself, but you know what the good Lord doesnt give us more than we can handle. Right now I am working independently from home in the area of entertainment, so that keeps me going. I love my kids to death, and it pisses me off that there dad only wants interaction with them when it is convenient for him. Like you alot of people are after him for money, but somehow they havent caught up with him. You know every other state takes child support seriously, the men get behind they get lock up. But here in Illinois its like they protect them and that is a bunch of crap. We will write a custom essay sample on Multiple Burden specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Multiple Burden specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Multiple Burden specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I am looking to connect with other african american moms and talk about our trials and tribulations. Also to get to know one another and form possible friendships. It wouldnt hurt to get together and have a girls night ocassionally. † (http://groups. yahoo. com/group/AfAmersinglemoms/message/7) African American single mothers thus faced tremendous pressure from solely shouldering child raising responsibilities, accomplishing duties at home, solving problematic relationships, and having to juggle work at the same time, as shown by Melody’s experience. Other women, however, could be considered not to be as lucky in terms of opportunities; these women often do not have enough resources and access to send their children to school or put food on the table. Nevertheless, the strength and resilience of African American women can be surprising. In the face of such problems as dual discrimination and the multiple burdens that come with single motherhood, some of them do not feel regret over their decisions and in a way even feel justified and empowered in it: â€Å"I am the same way I dont harbor bad feelings or ill will but it just upsets me when our brothas dont take care of there responsibilities. I find it to be sad, but nevertheless I have to keep it moving and continue to be both mother and father. You are so right about Karma, what comes around goes around. Yes, there are alot of us out there struggling to do for our children on are own. † ( http://groups. yahoo. com/group/AfAmersinglemoms/message/20) Alternative Action While there is a tendency for many African American women to feel a sense of empowerment from proving to society that they are able to support their children, Davis (1998) notes that an increasing number of African American women are experiencing depression. (Davis 494) Fortunately, most of these women often receive strong social support networks from their families, especially other women, and from the African American community, which gives them a sense of connectedness and value. The growth of the internet has also given these women the chance to build virtual communities with which they can meet and interact with women whose situation and issues are in some way similar to their own. It cannot be denied, however, that something has to be done to alleviate the already difficult situation of African American single mothers—and the situation of mothers of different racial identity—since racial and gender-based inequalities often hinder them from actively participating in their own development and holistic growth. The National Organization for Women (NOW), for instance, challenges women to get involved in the commitment to â€Å"continue to fight for equal opportunities for women of color in all areas including employment, education and reproductive rights. † (http://www. now.org) In seeing the realities of African American women, I find that many of their issues resound with my own, that indeed, I am as much a victim of dual discrimination as they are. Although many of our experiences and encounters with the forms of oppression may be different due to the fact that we come from diverse cultures, our realities as women struggling to gain control over our bodies, our thoughts, and our destinies are what binds us, and I think that nobody else will work towards our freedom from racial and gender discrimination except for women themselves. Works Cited: Boyd, Julia A. In the company of my sisters. New York: Dutton, 1993. Davis, Ruth E. â€Å"Discovering Creative Essences in African American Women: The Construction of Meaning around Inner Resources. † Women’s Studies International Forum, 21, 5: 1998 Dickerson, Bette J. African American Single Mothers: Understanding Their Lives Families. Sage Publications, 1995. Reid, Lori L. â€Å"Occupational Segregation, Human Capital, and Motherhood: Black Women’s Higher Exit Rates from Full-time Employment. † Gender Society, 16: 2002. Roberts, Dorothy. â€Å"Race, Gender, and the Value of Mother’s Work. † Social Politics: 1995. https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/AfAmersinglemoms/conversations/topics/20.